1. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Emery Berger, Kathryn McKinley *, Robert Blumofe, Paul Wilson Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications Department of Computer Sciences * Department of Computer Science

2. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Motivation Parallel multithreaded programs becoming prevalent web servers, search engines, database managers, etc. run on SMP’s for high performance often embarrassingly parallel Memory allocation is a bottleneck prevents scaling with number of processors

3. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Assessment Criteria for Multiprocessor Allocators Speed competitive with uniprocessor allocators on one processor Scalability performance linear with the number of processors Fragmentation (= max allocated / max in use) competitive with uniprocessor allocators worst-case and average-case

4. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Uniprocessor Allocators on Multiprocessors Fragmentation: Excellent Very low for most programs [Wilson & Johnstone] Speed & Scalability: Poor Heap contention a single lock protects the heap Can exacerbate false sharing different processors can share cache lines

5. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Allocator-Induced False Sharing Allocators cause false sharing! Cache lines can end up spread across a number of processors Practically all allocators do this processor 1processor 2 x2 = malloc(s);x1 = malloc(s); A cache line thrash…

6. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Existing Multiprocessor Allocators Speed: One concurrent heap (e.g., concurrent B-tree): too expensive too many locks/atomic updates O(log n) cost per memory operation  Fast allocators use multiple heaps Scalability: Allocator-induced false sharing and other bottlenecks Fragmentation: P-fold increase or even unbounded

7. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Multiprocessor Allocator I: Pure Private Heaps Pure private heaps: one heap per processor. malloc gets memory from the processor's heap or the system free puts memory on the processor's heap Avoids heap contention Examples: STL, ad hoc (e.g., Cilk 4.1) x1= malloc(s) free(x1)free(x2) x3= malloc(s) x2= malloc(s) x4= malloc(s) processor 1processor 2 = allocated by heap 1 = free, on heap 2

8. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 How to Break Pure Private Heaps: Fragmentation Pure private heaps: memory consumption can grow without bound! Producer-consumer: processor 1 allocates processor 2 frees free(x1) x2= malloc(s) free(x2) x1= malloc(s) processor 1processor 2 x3= malloc(s) free(x3)

9. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Multiprocessor Allocator II: Private Heaps with Ownership Private heaps with ownership: free puts memory back on the originating processor's heap. Avoids unbounded memory consumption Examples: ptmalloc [Gloger], LKmalloc [Larson & Krishnan] x1= malloc(s) free(x1) free(x2) x2= malloc(s) processor 1processor 2

10. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 How to Break Private Heaps with Ownership:Fragmentation Private heaps with ownership: memory consumption can blowup by a factor of P. Round-robin producer- consumer: processor i allocates processor i+1 frees This really happens (NDS). free(x2) free(x1) free(x3) x1= malloc(s) x2= malloc(s) x3=malloc(s) processor 1processor 2processor 3

11. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 So What Do We Do Now?

12. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 The Hoard Multiprocessor Memory Allocator Manages memory in page-sized superblocks of same- sized objects - Avoids false sharing by not carving up cache lines - Avoids heap contention - local heaps allocate & free small blocks from their set of superblocks Adds a global heap that is a repository of superblocks When the fraction of free memory exceeds the empty fraction, moves superblocks to the global heap - Avoids blowup in memory consumption

13. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Hoard Example Hoard: one heap per processor + a global heap malloc gets memory from a superblock on its heap. free returns memory to its superblock. If the heap is “too empty”, it moves a superblock to the global heap. x1= malloc(s) processor 1global heap free(x7) …some mallocs …some frees Empty fraction = 1/3

14. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Summary of Analytical Results Worst-case memory consumption: O(n log M/m + P) [instead of O(P n log M/m)] n = memory required M = biggest object size m = smallest object size P = number of processors Best possible: O(n log M/m) [Robson] Provably low synchronization in most cases

15. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Experiments Run on a dedicated 14-processor Sun Enterprise 300 MHz UltraSparc, 1 GB of RAM Solaris 2.7 All programs compiled with g++ version 2.95.1 Allocators: Hoard version 2.0.2 Solaris (system allocator) Ptmalloc (GNU libc – private heaps with ownership) mtmalloc (Sun’s “MT-hot” allocator)

16. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Performance: threadtest speedup(x,P) = runtime(Solaris allocator, one processor) / runtime(x on P processors)

17. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Performance: Larson Server-style benchmark with sharing

18. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Performance: false sharing Each thread reads & writes heap data

19. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Fragmentation Results On most standard uniprocessor benchmarks, Hoard’s fragmentation was low: p2c (Pascal-to-C): 1.20 espresso:1.47 LRUsim: 1.05Ghostscript:1.15 Within 20% of Lea’s allocator On the multiprocessor benchmarks and other codes: Fragmentation was between 1.02 and 1.24 for all but one anomalous benchmark (shbench: 3.17).

20. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Hoard Conclusions Speed: Excellent As fast as a uniprocessor allocator on one processor amortized O(1) cost 1 lock for malloc, 2 for free Scalability: Excellent Scales linearly with the number of processors Avoids false sharing Fragmentation: Very good Worst-case is provably close to ideal Actual observed fragmentation is low

21. Hoard: A Scalable Memory Allocator for Multithreaded Applications -- Berger et al. -- ASPLOS 2000 Hoard Heap Details “Segregated size class” allocator Size classes are logarithmically- spaced Superblocks hold objects of one size class empty superblocks are “recycled” Approximately radix-sorted: Allocate from mostly-full superblocks Fast removal of mostly-empty superblocks 8 1624 32 40 48 sizeclass bins radix-sorted superblock lists (emptiest to fullest) superblocks