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1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Networks and Data Communications Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User’s Approach.

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Presentation on theme: "1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Networks and Data Communications Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User’s Approach."— Presentation transcript:

1 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Networks and Data Communications Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User’s Approach

2 2 Introduction Who today has not used a computer network? Mass transit, interstate highways, 24-hour bankers, grocery stores, cable television, cellular telephones, most businesses and schools, and other retail outlets can support some form of computer networks. Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1

3 3 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 The Language of Computer Networks Computer network - an interconnection of computers and computing equipment using either wires or radio waves over small or large geographic distances Local area network - networks that are small in geographic size spanning a room, building, or campus Metropolitan area network - networks that serve an area of 3 to 30 miles - approximately the area of a typical city

4 4 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 The Language of Computer Networks Wide area network - a large network that encompasses parts of states, multiple states, countries, and the world Personal area network – a network of a few meters, between wireless devices such as PDAs, laptops, and similar devices. Voice network - a network that transmits telephone signals Data network - a network that transmits computer data

5 5 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 The Language of Computer Networks Data communications - the transfer of digital or analog data using digital or analog signals Telecommunications - the study of telephones and the systems that transmit telephone signals Network management - the design, installation, and support of a network and its hardware and software

6 6 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 The Big Picture of Networks Networks are composed of many devices, including: workstations (computers and telephones) servers network hubs and switches (bridges) routers (LAN-WAN and WAN-WAN) telephone switching gear

7 7 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1

8 8 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Computer Networks - Basic Connections Computer terminal/microcomputer to mainframe computer Microcomputer to local area network Microcomputer to Internet Local area network to local area network Personal area network to workstation

9 9 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Computer Networks - Basic Connections Local area network to metropolitan area network Local area network to wide area network Sensor to local area network Satellite and microwave Wireless telephone and wired telephone to network

10 10 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Basic Connections – Computer Terminal/Microcomputer to Mainframe Computer Predominant form in 60s and 70s Still used in many types of businesses for data entry and data retrieval. Usually involves a low-speed connection.

11 11 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1

12 12 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Basic Connections – Microcomputer to Local Area Network Highly common throughout business and academic environments, and now even homes Typically a medium- to high-speed connection Microcomputer requires a NIC (network interface card) NIC connects to a hub-like device

13 13 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1

14 14 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Basic Connections – Microcomputer to Internet Very popular with home users and some small businesses Typically a dial-up modem is used to connect user’s microcomputer to an Internet service provider. Newer technologies such as DSL and cable modems are replacing modems.

15 15 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1

16 16 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Basic Connections – Local Area Network to Local Area Network Found in businesses and schools that have two or more LANs and a need for them to intercommunicate. A bridge-like device (such as a switch) is typically used to interconnect LANs. Bridge-like device can filter frames

17 17 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1

18 18 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Basic Connections – Personal Area Network to Workstation Interconnects wireless devices such as PDAs, laptops, and music playback devices Used over a short distance such as a few meters

19 19 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1

20 20 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Basic Connections – Local Area Network to Metropolitan Area Network Used to interconnect companies (usually their local area networks) to networks that encompass a metropolitan city High speed networks with redundant circuits

21 21 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1

22 22 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Basic Connections – Local Area Network to Wide Area Network One of the most common ways to interconnect a user on a LAN workstation to the Internet (a wide area network). A router is the typical device that performs LAN to WAN connections. Routers are more complex devices than bridges/switches

23 23 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1

24 24 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Basic Connections – Wide Area Network to Wide Area Network High-speed routers and switches are used to connect one wide area network to another Thousands of wide area networks across North America, many interconnected via these routers and switches

25 25 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Basic Connections – Sensor to Local Area Network Not all local area networks deal with microcomputer workstations. Often found in industrial and laboratory environments. Assembly lines and robotic controls depend heavily on sensor-based local area networks.

26 26 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1

27 27 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Basic Connections – Satellite and Microwave Typically long distance wireless connections Many types of applications including long distance telephone, television, radio, long-haul data transfers, and wireless data services. Typically expensive services but many companies offer competitive services and rates. Newer shorter-distance services such as Wi-MAX

28 28 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1

29 29 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Basic Connections – Wireless or Cellular Telephones Constantly expanding market across the U.S. and world Third generation services available in many areas and under many types of plans Newest generation includes higher speed data transfers (100s of kilobits per second)

30 30 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1

31 31 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 An Additional Basic Connection – Telephone to Network Telephone systems are ubiquitous and can now carry more data than voice Common configuration – telephone connected to POTS Newer configuration – telephone to LAN via gateway (VoIP)

32 32 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Network Architectures A reference model that describes the layers of hardware and software necessary to transmit data between two points or for multiple devices / applications to interoperate Reference models are necessary to increase the likelihood that different components from different manufacturers will converse There are two architectures that are required learning: The OSI Model, and the TCP/IP protocol suite

33 33 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Network Architectures The OSI Model’s seven layers

34 34 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Network Architectures Application layer - where the application using the network resides. Common network applications include remote login, file transfer, e-mail, and web page browsing. Presentation layer - performs a series of miscellaneous functions necessary for presenting the data package properly to the sender or receiver

35 35 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Network Architectures Session layer - responsible for establishing sessions between users. Transport layer - provides an end-to-end error-free network connection. Makes sure the data arrives at the destination exactly as it left the source. Network layer - responsible for creating, maintaining and ending network connections. Transfers a data packet from node to node within the network.

36 36 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Network Architectures Data link layer - responsible for taking the data and transforming it into a frame with header, control and address information, and error detection code. Physical layer - handles the transmission of bits over a communications channel. Includes voltage levels, connectors, media choice, modulation techniques.

37 37 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1

38 38 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Network Architectures The TCP/IP protocol suite (DoD protocol suite)

39 39 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Network Architectures Application layer - equivalent to the OSI’s presentation and application layers Transport layer - performs same function as OSI transport layer Network (Internet or internetwork) layer - roughly equivalent to the OSI’s network layer Network access (data link/physical) layer - equivalent to the OSI’s physical and data link layers

40 40 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Network Architectures Logical and physical connections - A logical connection is one that exists only in the software, while a physical connection is one that exists in the hardware. Note that in a network architecture, only the lowest layer contains a physical connection, while all higher layers contain logical connections.

41 41 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Network Architectures Logical and physical connections

42 42 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Network Architectures Example of data flow through layers

43 43 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Network Connections in Action

44 44 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite in Action Note the flow of data from user to web browser and back At each layer, information is either added or removed, depending on whether the data is leaving or arriving at a workstation The adding of information over pre-existing information is termed encapsulation

45 45 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1

46 46 Data Communications and Computer Networks Chapter 1 Review Questions A user is sitting at work using a laptop computer with a wireless connection into the corporate LAN. The user is sending email. What basic connections are being used? List the seven OSI layers with a quick description of each layer. List the TCP/IP layers with a quick description of each layer. What is the difference between a logical and a physical interface / connection?


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