1. Forgent Inc. vs. High-Tech Giants Gautam Altekar

2. Technology A compression method for digital images Joint Photographic Experts Group Used all over the web Used by most digicams JPEG

3. Litigants Plaintiff: Forgent, Inc. – 200 employees, video-conferencing products – (1997) Acquired JPEG-related patent in merger – (2004) Business down, so started asserting patent Defendants: Those making money from JPEG images – Adobe, Dell, Kodak, Xerox, Microsoft, etc. (31 total) Does JPEG infringe Forgent’s patent?

4. JPEG overview A lossy-compression method for digital images Some image degradation, but very good compression JPEG – 100% quality, 83K Original image, 200K JPEG – 1% quality, 1K

5. Why is the compression so good? Key idea: discard information in the higher frequencies – For example, edges (horizontal and vertical) – For example, highly-textured surfaces Original image, 200K JPEG – 1% quality, 1K

6. (1) Isolate high frequency info Image in the spatial domain Image in the frequency domain 8x8 pixel block Original image Horizontal frequency Vertical frequency

7. (2) Discard high frequency info Round the upper frequencies to a high multiple Result: many redundant elements (e.g., zeros) Image in the frequency domain Image in the frequency domain after quantization Horizontal frequency Vertical frequency Horizontal frequency Vertical frequency

8. Forgent’s patent U.S. Patent No. 4,698,672 (issued 1987) – a method for eliminating redundancy in data Size: 8x8x8 = 512 bits Size: 22 bits Image after Forgent’s encoding Horizontal frequency Vertical frequency Image in the frequency domain after quantization Forgent’s encoding Does JPEG infringe this patent? 11 100110 0 101 10 1010 0 110

9. Forgent: (1) Run-length encoding Write the number of preceding 0’s rather than each 0 Image after run-length encoding Horizontal frequency Vertical frequency Image in the frequency domain after quantization (0,3)(-3)(1,4)(-6)(0,3)(-2) (0,6)(-26) # of preced. zeros # bits in coefficient coefficient Process in diagonal order

10. Forgent: (2) Run-length + Huffman coding Run-length encoded image has redundancy (0,3) (3) (1,4)(-6)(0,3) (2) (0,6)(-26) Huffman table Run-length + Huffman encoded image 11(-26)0(-3)10(-6)0(-2) 11 100110 0 101 10 1010 0 110

11. JPEG infringes Forgent’s patent Standard suggests Run-length + Huffman encoding – Most implementations do this Standard suggests Arithmetic coding as alternative to Huffman coding – But Arithmetic coding is patented Is JPEG doomed? – Sony and others might’ve thought so – Forgent collected $90 million in royalties

12. Public Patent Foundation (PUBPAT) saves JPEG PUBPAT found prior art for Forgent’s patent, filed 1986 – Tescher et al: U.S patent 4,541,012, issued 1985 PUBPAT asks USPTO to re-examine Forgent’s patent – Tescher et al. issued before Forgent filed – Forgent did not disclose this work

13. USPTO invalidates the patent Forgent’s patent “…first run length code values representing the number of consecutive first values followed by said second value in a digital number…” Tescher et al.’s patent “…a run length code corresponding to the number of successive quantized coefficients having value zero is generated…” Key reason 1: Both use Run-length encoding

14. USPTO invalidates the patent Forgent’s patent “[a method] in which a table containing a plurality of run-length code values…and said code values statistically organized…such that statistically more frequent code values are represented by shorter code lengths…” Tescher et al.’s patent “[a method] in which..run length code values…are encoded using dedicated Huffman code table shown in Appendix A.” Key reason 2: Both do Huffman on Run-length encoded data Huffman codes

15. Lessons Disclose all prior-art – PUBPAT: “If you don’t disclose, we will.” Even an invalid patent is worth something – Forgent made $90 million in licensing royalties (e.g., from Sony) Standards (such as JPEG) may need special protection – Hard to collect all prior work

16. Thanks!