1.  : TRI  P : Trapped Radioactive Isotopes: micro-laboratories for fundamental Physics TRIX: Trapped Radium Ion eXperiments Oscar Versolato

2. Outline Where’s The Netherlands in Amsterdam? TRI  P Introduction to research group TRI  P TRIX project: Trapped (single !) Radium Ion eXperiments TRIX project: Trapped (single !) Radium Ion eXperiments Bonus material 1: shelving Bonus material 1: shelving Bonus material 2: ion trapping Bonus material 2: ion trapping

3. To US Kingdom of The Netherlands Where people are Dutch and from Holland

4. Er gaat niets boven Groningen

5. Groningen: a students dream come true

6. However...

7. Accelerator Laboratory: KVI with superconducting cyclotron AGOR

8. TRI  P: TRI  P: Trapped Radioactive Isotopes: micro-laboratories for fundamental Physics

9. Motivation Low-energy tests of the Standard Model The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is incomplete  searches for physics “beyond the SM” at two, complementary, fronts: Collider expt’s at high energy: direct observation of new particles Indirect searches at lower energies, but with high precision High-energy physicsAtomic physics (theory and experiment) < 1% CERN Large Hadron Collider  KVI TRI  P

10. TRI  P TRI  P TRI  P Atomic Physics Nuclear Physics Particle Physics Theory Precision Experiments Search for Physics beyond Standard Model Core Program T-violation P-violation External Users - lifetimes, CKM - branching ratios - 12 C → 3a - 8 B → 2a - … Lorentz-violation - Ion/Atom Collisions - Zernike LEIF - ALCaTRAZ - Instrument Developments - … App lications  : TRI  P : Trapped Radioactive Isotopes: micro-laboratories for fundamental Physics

11. In-House Core Program T – violation:  -decays  -decays 21 Na ‘a’ & ‘D’ coefficients lifetime, branching ratio Future Possibilities 39 Ca, 19 Ne EDMs EDMs Ba/Ra – atom trapping polarization deuteron P – violation: Single Ion Single Ion sin 2 W sin 2 W clock clock Lorentz - violation: Weak Interactions Weak Interactions 21 Na in trap

12. E2 E3 TI NaI NaI MOT NaI NaI IFP E1 Target SHT2 FFP Step degrader neutralizer MCP NaI NaI TRI  P Separator TRI  P Separator

13. Fundamental Interactions group Technical {2 + pool} Undergrad. Foreign stud. Theory group Atomic Physics group Faculty PhD student Scientific Personnel 2007-2008 Postdoc AGOR group + operators & technici TRI  P TRI  P

14. In-House Core Program T – violation:  -decays  -decays 21 Na ‘a’ & ‘D’ coefficients lifetime, branching ratio Future Possibilities 39 Ca, 19 Ne EDMs EDMs Ba/Ra – atom trapping polarization deuteron P – violation: Single Ion Single Ion sin 2 W sin 2 W clock clock Lorentz - violation: Weak Interactions Weak Interactions 21 Na in trap

15. TRIX: Trapped Radium Ion eXperiments Atomic parity violation & All-optical atomic clock 0

16. Atomic Parity Violation The weak interaction gives the nucleus a weak charge q Weak charges of nuclear quarks add coherently: Q w = –N+(1–4 sin 2 θ W )Z + small radiative corrections + “new physics” where θ W is the weak mixing (or Weinberg) angle. e-e- q e-e- Z0Z0 Weak interaction (violates parity) Mediated by Z 0 bosons, mass ≈ 91 GeV, so short-range Violation of selection rules (E1 PNC transitions) Strength scales ~ Z 3 Nucleus has also a weak charge Q w e-e- q q e-e- Coulomb interaction (conserves parity) Mediated by photons, massless, so long-range Gives the atomic spectrum and E1 etc. transitions Strength scales ~ Z Nucleus has an electric charge γ

17. The running of the Weinberg angle A poorly tested prediction of the Standard Model High energy (near the Z 0 -pole) LEP @ CERN Medium energy E158 @ SLAC parity viol. electron scattering NuTeV @ Fermilab neutrino scattering Qweak @ TJNAF Q w (p) of the proton Low energy: atomic parity violation (APV) Cesium atoms: 6S–7S transition  Experiment: 0.35% by Wieman group, Boulder; theory: 0.5% Barium ions: 6S–5D 3/2 transition  Experiment: Fortson group, Seattle; theory: 0.5% Francium atoms: 7S–8S transition  Experiment: Stony Brook and Legnaro Radium ions: 7S–6D 3/2 transition  Experiment & theory: KVI, University of Groningen A. Czarnecki and W.J. Marciano, Nature (2005). This excellent agreement (0.35 ± 0.72 %) is only after a turbulent 2-year period as the atomic theory wrestled with the Breit correction and radiative corrections to add to standard electron- correlation effects. e-e- q q e-e- Z0/γZ0/γ

18. Challenges Experimental: Radium has never been trapped Spectroscopy of Ra + needed Theoretical: Prediction of Q w (Ra + ) needed Atomic structure needed sub-1% Advantages of Ra + vs. Cs, Fr, Ba + Heavy (APV signal scales faster than ~ Z 3 ) “Easy” lasers: semiconductor diodes Single ion techniques:  Superior control of systematics  Novel -frequency- measurement method: light shifts S-SS-D Cs 0.9 Ba + 2.2 Fr 14.2 Ra + 46.4 E1 APV The case for radium Why the radium ion is the ideal candidate

19. Electromagnetism q e-e- e-e- q γ 7S 7P 6D Radium Ion q e-e- q e-e- Weak interaction Z0Z0 + a bit of 7P parity ≠ Atomic Parity Violation in a Radium ion E1 APV + E2

20. Interference between E2 (or M1) and E1 PNC produces differential light shift of the two ground state m-levels. Atomic parity violation in Ra + Interference of E2/E1 APV in AC Stark shift Interference produces differential light shift of ground state m-levels: 7S 1/2 (+ ε n n P 1/2 ) 6D 3/2 Ra + 6D 5/2 7P 1/2 Repump λ= 1.08μm Off-resonant laser λ= 828 nm Cooling & detection λ=468 nm 7P 3/2 E1 E2 0  0  diff0  m=+1/2 m=-1/2  diff  pnc 7S 1/2 (+ n n P 1/2 ) 6D 3/2 Ra + 6D 5/2 7P 1/2 Repump λ= 1.08μm Off-resonant laser λ= 828 nm Cooling & detection λ=468 nm 7P 3/2 E1 E2 7S 1/2 (+ n n P 1/2 ) 6D 3/2 Ra + 6D 5/2 7P 1/2 Repump λ= 1.08μm Off-resonant laser λ= 828 nm Cooling & detection λ=468 nm 7P 3/2 E1 APV E2 0  0  diff0  m=+1/2 m=-1/2  diff  pnc 0  0  0  0  diff0  m=+1/2 m=-1/2  diff  pnc E1+E2

21. From here to the Standard Model there and back again 1 ) measure the AC stark shift  get E1 amplitude from differential part of the light shift 2 ) calculate atomic theory to < 1% and extract the weak charge 3 ) add a bit of QFT and find the Weinberg angle OR NEW PHYSICS Q w = –N+(1–4 sin 2 θ W )Z + small radiative corrections + “new physics”

22. Optical Atomic Clock Spin-off project Based on 7S 1/2 -6D 3/2 E2 transition: Narrow (Δν ~ 1 Hz) Optical regime (4 x 10 14 Hz) Absence of electric quadrupole shift in 223 Ra (I=3/2) Heaviest system: 2nd order Doppler ~ 1/mass Ra + : search for variation of fine structure constant High quality clock based on off-the- shelf available semiconductor lasers

23. Status & outlook From here to sin 2 (Θ w ) Future directions Inclusion of Breit interaction, neutron skin effects, QED corrections Improvements of coupled-cluster theory Progress needed on the experimental side Trapping of radium ions Spectroscopy: Experimental input is needed! Accuracy 3%, need better than 1% Experiment Multiple ion traps have been constructed Ba + & Ra + lasers set up in new, dedicated laser lab Ra isotopes produced with AGOR cyclotron and TRIμP facility Theory 3 % calculation finished, pushing for < 1 % accuracy now (inclusion of Breit, neutron skin and RCC improvements) First trapping & optical detection of radium ions in 2009! L.W.Wansbeek et al., Phys. Rev. A 78, 050501 (2008) Precise experimental input is an absolute necessity (e.g. D-state lifetimes, E1 transition strengths and hyperfine constants) Study of different isotopes  First experimental goals APV PMT counts [a.u.] Time [s] Done!

24. Experiment O. Böll (bachelor student) G. S. Giri (PhD student) O. O. Versolato (PhD student) L. Willmann K. Jungmann Theory student L. W. Wansbeek (PhD student) B. K. Sahoo (postdoc) R. G. E. Timmermans The TRIμP radium ion experiment at the KVI Crew International collaborators B. P. Das (India) N. E. Fortson (USA) http://www.kvi.nl/~radiumion Funding NWO Toptalent (OV) NWO Toptalent (OV) NWO VENI (BS) NWO VENI (BS) FOM Projectruimte (KJ, RT) FOM Projectruimte (KJ, RT) You?Interested?

25. Bonus material 1: Electron shelving method

26. Bonus material 2: Trapping ions in a Paul trap 0

27. Are there quantum jumps? "…we never experiment with just one atom or (small) molecule. In thought experiments we sometimes assume that we do; this invariably entails ridiculous consequences." Erwin Schrödinger (1952)

28. Precision experiments on a single trapped ion how to trap an ion using E&M Harmonic potential 3D case Maxwell ! No charge enclosed Problem: Only 2D trapped BUT 1D repulsive!

29. The Paul trap and its mechanical analogue Solution: Apply a rotating potential! Needed: hyperbolically shaped surface