2. Thermodynamics III: 2nd Law & Cycles “It just don’t get no better than this…”

3. Objectives Understand types of state changes Understand types of state changes Comprehend thermodynamic cycles Comprehend thermodynamic cycles Comprehend the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics to include entropy, reversibility, & the Carnot cycle Comprehend the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics to include entropy, reversibility, & the Carnot cycle Determine levels of output and efficiency in theoretical situations Determine levels of output and efficiency in theoretical situations

4. State Changes In addition to using flow/no-flow classifications for thermo processes, it is helpful to look at what happens to a medium also In addition to using flow/no-flow classifications for thermo processes, it is helpful to look at what happens to a medium also Isobaric: pressure remains constant throughout process (some pistons) Isobaric: pressure remains constant throughout process (some pistons) q 12 = h 2 - h 1 q 12 = h 2 - h 1

5. State Changes Isometric: volume remains constant during entire process Isometric: volume remains constant during entire process q 12 = u 2 - u 1 q 12 = u 2 - u 1 Adiabatic: no transfer of heat to or from medium during process -> usually in a rapid process Adiabatic: no transfer of heat to or from medium during process -> usually in a rapid process w = u 2 - u 1 w = u 2 - u 1

6. Thermodynamic Cycles Def’n: a recurring series of thermodynamic processes through which an effect is produced by transformation or redistribution of energy Def’n: a recurring series of thermodynamic processes through which an effect is produced by transformation or redistribution of energy One classification: One classification: Open: working fluid taken in, used, & discarded Open: working fluid taken in, used, & discarded Closed: working medium never leaves cycle, except through leakage; medium undergoes state changes & returns to original state Closed: working medium never leaves cycle, except through leakage; medium undergoes state changes & returns to original state

7. Five Basic Elements of all Cycles Working substance: transports energy within system Working substance: transports energy within system Heat source: supplies heat to the working medium Heat source: supplies heat to the working medium Engine: device that converts the thermal energy of the medium into work Engine: device that converts the thermal energy of the medium into work Heated: heat added in engine itself Heated: heat added in engine itself Unheated: heat received in some device separate from engine Unheated: heat received in some device separate from engine

8. Five Basic Elements of all Cycles Heat sink/receiver: absorbs heat from the working medium Heat sink/receiver: absorbs heat from the working medium Pump: moves the working medium from the low-pressure side to the high-pressure side of the cycle Pump: moves the working medium from the low-pressure side to the high-pressure side of the cycle Examples: Examples: Closed, unheated engine: steam cycle Closed, unheated engine: steam cycle Open, heated engine: gasoline engine Open, heated engine: gasoline engine

9. Basic Thermodynamic Cycle HEAT SOURCE HEAT SINK Pump EngineW Q in Q out Working Substance

10. Second Law of Thermodynamics Reversibility: Reversibility: the characteristic of a process which would allow a process to occur in the precise reverse order, so that the system would be returned from its final condition to its initial condition, AND the characteristic of a process which would allow a process to occur in the precise reverse order, so that the system would be returned from its final condition to its initial condition, AND all energy that was transformed or redistributed during the process would be returned from its final to original form all energy that was transformed or redistributed during the process would be returned from its final to original form

11. Second Law of Thermodynamics Def’n 1: (Clausius statement) no process is possible where the sole result is the removal of heat from a low-temp reservoir and the absorption of an equal amount of heat by a high temp reservoir Def’n 1: (Clausius statement) no process is possible where the sole result is the removal of heat from a low-temp reservoir and the absorption of an equal amount of heat by a high temp reservoir Def’n 2: (Kelvin-Planck) no process is possible in which heat is removed from a single reservoir w/ equiv amount of work produced Def’n 2: (Kelvin-Planck) no process is possible in which heat is removed from a single reservoir w/ equiv amount of work produced

12. Second Law of Thermodynamics Overall: NO thermodynamic cycle can have a thermal efficiency of 100% (i.e., cannot convert all heat into work) Overall: NO thermodynamic cycle can have a thermal efficiency of 100% (i.e., cannot convert all heat into work) Quick review: Quick review: 1st Law: Conservation/transformation of energy 1st Law: Conservation/transformation of energy 2nd Law: Limits the direction of processes & extent of heat-to-work conversions 2nd Law: Limits the direction of processes & extent of heat-to-work conversions

13. Entropy Def’n: theoretical measure of thermal energy that cannot be transformed into mech. Work in a thermodynamic system Def’n: theoretical measure of thermal energy that cannot be transformed into mech. Work in a thermodynamic system It is an index of the unavailability of energy or the reversibility of a process It is an index of the unavailability of energy or the reversibility of a process In all real processes, entropy never decreases -> entropy of universe is always rising In all real processes, entropy never decreases -> entropy of universe is always rising

14. Carnot Cycle Second Law states that no thermo system can be 100% efficient, and no real thermal process is completely reversible Second Law states that no thermo system can be 100% efficient, and no real thermal process is completely reversible A French engineer, Carnot, set out to determine what the max efficiency of a cycle would be if that cycle were ideal and completely reversible A French engineer, Carnot, set out to determine what the max efficiency of a cycle would be if that cycle were ideal and completely reversible

15. Carnot Cycle All heat is supplied at a single high temp and all heat is rejected at a single low temp All heat is supplied at a single high temp and all heat is rejected at a single low temp Carnot used a simple cycle Carnot used a simple cycle

16. Carnot Cycle T Source T Sink Pump EngineW Q in Q out Working Substance

17. Carnot Cycle Carnot Principle: the max thermal efficiency depends only on the difference between the source and sink temps Carnot Principle: the max thermal efficiency depends only on the difference between the source and sink temps Does not depend on property of fluid, type of engine, friction, or fuel Does not depend on property of fluid, type of engine, friction, or fuel Example: Example:

18. Questions?