1. CMPE 257 Spring 20021 CMPE 257: Wireless and Mobile Networking Spring 2002

2. CMPE 257 Spring 20022 Contact Information Instructor: Katia Obraczka E-mail: katia@cse.ucsc.edukatia@cse.ucsc.edu Office hours: Tue 12-2. TA: Kumar Viswanath E-mail: kumarv@cse.ucsc.edukumarv@cse.ucsc.edu Office hours: TBD Class resources: Web page: www.cse.ucsc.edu/classes/cmpe257

3. CMPE 257 Spring 20023 Course Objective Cover issues on wireless mobile networking. Emphasis on higher-layer protocols. MAC and above.

4. CMPE 257 Spring 20024 Class Format Research papers. In-class discussion. All students must have read papers beforehand.

5. CMPE 257 Spring 20025 Reading List Initial set of papers provided on the class Web page. Reading list is looong… Will be updated as we go. Some papers will be labeled as “optional”.

6. CMPE 257 Spring 20026 Grading “Midterm” exam: 30%. Paper reports: 10%. Term project: 60%. Academic integrity violations will not be tolerated. Results in failing the class automatically and more… If there are questions, don’t hesitate to ask.

7. CMPE 257 Spring 20027 Project Implementation-based projects. Compaq iPaqs (10 units). Laptops (10 units). Linux-based OS. Servers for development. Projects are individual. List of suggested projects provided. Students can pick from that list or suggest their own project.

8. CMPE 257 Spring 20028 Project Submission Project proposals due by April 12 th. Progress reports due by May 3 rd and May 24th. Project due May 31 st. Poster session: June 4 th (12-3:00). Posters and demos. Dry-run between May 31 and June 3 rd.

9. CMPE 257 Spring 20029 Topics (1) Introduction. MAC layer issues. Mobile IP. Unicast routing in MANETs. Multicast routing in MANETs. Transport layer issues. Bluetooth.

10. CMPE 257 Spring 200210 Topics (2) Tracking and location management. Power management. Security and application-level issues.

11. CMPE 257 Spring 200211 Today Introduction.

12. CMPE 257 Spring 200212 Wireless everywhere… Remote control Cordless telephone Headsets Garage openers Badges Cell phones/modems Radio! Pagers Satellite TV Wireless LAN cards

13. CMPE 257 Spring 200213 Wireless Technologies Wireless local area networks Cellular wireless Satellites Multi-hop wireless Wireless local loop

14. CMPE 257 Spring 200214 Wireless evolution (1) Wireless telegraph: Marconi (1896). Between then and now… Radio, TV, Mobile phones, Satellites (1960s).

15. CMPE 257 Spring 200215 Cellular Networks Shift from voice to data. New wireless devices: pagers, PDAs. New services: Web access, e-mail, instant messaging, etc.

16. CMPE 257 Spring 200216 Cellular Networks: Evolution Evidence of the wireless success! Since 1996, number of new mobile phone subscribers exceeded number of new fixed phone subscribers! 1 st. Generation (1G): analog technology. FDMA. Analog FM.

17. CMPE 257 Spring 200217 Second Generation (2G) Most of today’s cellular networks use 2G standards. Early 90s. Digital technology. Digital modulation. TDMA and CDMA. Lighter, smaller devices with longer battery life. Better reception and channel utilization.

18. CMPE 257 Spring 200218 Example 2G Standards TDMA standards: Global System Mobile (GSM). Europe, Asia, Australia, South America. Intrim Standard 13 (IS-136 or NDSC). North and South America and Australia. Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC). Similar to IS-136. Japan. CDMA standard Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) North and South America, Korea, Japan, China, Australia.

19. CMPE 257 Spring 200219 2G Evolution Towards providing data communication. New “data-centric” standards. “Retrofit” 2G to support higher data throughput. 2.5G standards. Support higher data rates for Web browsing (e.g., WAP), e-mail, m- commerce, etc.

20. CMPE 257 Spring 200220 3G Wireless Networks Multi-megabit Internet access, VoIP, ubiquitous “always-on” access. Single mobile device for everything (integrated service approach). New, world-wide standard. International Mobile Telephone 2000 (IMT 2000)

21. CMPE 257 Spring 200221 Wireless Local Loop (WLL) Wireless “last mile”. Between central office and homes and businesses close-by. Fixed wireless service. Developing countries, remote areas. Broadband access. Microwave or millimeter radio frequencies. Directional antennas. Allow for very high data rate signals (tens or hundreds Mbs). But need LOS: no obstacles!

22. CMPE 257 Spring 200222 Wireless Local Area Networks Local area connectivity using wireless communication. IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard. Example: WaveLan, Aironet Wireless LAN may be used for Last hop to a wireless host. Wireless connectivity between hosts on the LAN.

23. CMPE 257 Spring 200223 802.11 Evolution Working group founded in 1987. Standard came ot in 1997. Includes infrared. Originally featured FH and DS. But as of late 2001, only DS-SS modems had been standardized for high rates (11Mbps). 802.11a: up to 54 Mbps in 5 GHz band. 802.11b: 5.5 and 11 Mbps.

24. CMPE 257 Spring 200224 Other WLAN Standards HomeRF Proponents of 802.11 frequency hoping- spread spectrum (FH-SS). HomeRF 2.0 10 Mbps FH-SS. HIPERLAN Europe, mid 1990s. Similar capability to IEEE 802.11.

25. CMPE 257 Spring 200225 Bluetooth and PANs PAN: personal ara network. Open standard for enabling various devices to communicate short-range (10 m range). Named after King Harald Bluetooth (10 th century Viking united Denmark and Norway). Home appliances, office equipment, “wearable” computing equipment.

26. CMPE 257 Spring 200226 Cellular Concept: Motivation Early mobile radio systems: Large coverage with single, high-powered transmitter. But, no frequency re-use due to interference. Since finite spectrum allocation, need: high capacity (number of users) with limited spectrum and wide coverage.

27. CMPE 257 Spring 200227 Some Cellular Terminology Mobile. Base station. Mobile Switching Center (MSC). Handoff. Cell.

28. CMPE 257 Spring 200228 Cellular Fundamentals System-level idea, no major technological changes. Many low-power transmitters instead of single, high power on (large cell). Service area divided into small cells covered by each low power transmitter. Each transmitter (or base station) allocated a portion of the spectrum. Nearby BSs assigned different channel group to minimize interference. Scalability: as more users subscribe, more BSs can be added using lower transmission power).

29. CMPE 257 Spring 200229 Frequency Reuse A B C D E F G G E F

30. CMPE 257 Spring 200230 Handoff/Handover Mobile hosts can change cells while communicating. Hand-off occurs when a mobile host starts communicating via a new base station. Handoff decision made based on signal strength.

31. CMPE 257 Spring 200231 Handoff Strategies: Network- initiated Used in 1G. Each BS monitors signal strengths of mobiles with calls in progress. Special receiver, locator receiver, controlled by the MSC and used to monitor signal strengths in neighboring cells for potential handoffs. MSC decides if handoff necessary.

32. CMPE 257 Spring 200232 Mobile-assisted Handoffs MAHO. 2G. Mobile measures received power from close-by BSs; continually reports to serving BS. Handoff begins when power received from neighbor BS exceeds power from serving BS.

33. CMPE 257 Spring 200233 Satellite Communications Satellite-based antenna(e) in stable orbit above earth. Two or more (earth) stations communicate via one or more satellites serving as relay(s) in space. Uplink: earth->satellite. Downlink: satellite->earth. Transponder: satellite electronics converting uplink signal to downlink.

34. CMPE 257 Spring 200234 Satellite Communications SAT ground stations

35. CMPE 257 Spring 200235 Orbits Shape: circular, elliptical. Plane: equatorial, polar. Altitude: geostationary (GEO), medium earth (MEO), low earth (LEO).

36. CMPE 257 Spring 200236 GEO Satellites Most common type. Orbit at 35,863 Km above earth and rotates in equatorial plane. Many GEO satellites up there!

37. CMPE 257 Spring 200237 GEO: Plus’s and minus’s Plus’s: Stationarity: no frequency changes due to movement. Tracking by earth stations simplified. At that altitude, provides good coverage of the earth. Minus’s: Weakening of signal. Polar regions poorly served. Delay! Spectral waste for point-to-point communications.

38. CMPE 257 Spring 200238 LEO Satellites Circular or slightly eliptical orbit under 2,000 Km. Orbit period: 1.5 to 2 hours. Coverage diameter: 8,000 Km. RTT propagation delay 300ms for GEOs). Subject to large frequency changes and gradual orbit deterioration.

39. CMPE 257 Spring 200239 LEO Constellations Advantages over GEOs: Lower delay, stronger signal, more localized coverage. But, for broad coverage, many satellites needed. Example: Iridium (66 satellites).

40. CMPE 257 Spring 200240 LEOs SAT ground stations SAT constellation

41. CMPE 257 Spring 200241 In Summary… GEOs Long delay - 250-300 ms. LEOs Relatively low delay - 40 - 200 ms. Large variations in delay - multiple hops/route changes, relative motion of satellites, queuing.

42. CMPE 257 Spring 200242 MANETs Mobile, (wireless), multi-hop ad-hoc networks. Formed by wireless hosts which may be mobile. Without (necessarily) using a pre-existing infrastructure. Routes between nodes may potentially contain multiple hops. Mobilitty cause routes to change.

43. CMPE 257 Spring 200243 Multi-hop May need to traverse multiple hops to reach destination.

44. CMPE 257 Spring 200244 Why MANETs ? Ease of deployment. Speed of deployment. Decreased dependence on infrastructure.

45. CMPE 257 Spring 200245 Many Applications Personal area networking. Cell phone, laptop, ear phone, wrist watch. Military environments. Soldiers, tanks, planes. Civilian environments. “Smart” environments. Emergency operations Search-and-rescue Policing and fire fighting Monitoring and surveillance.

46. CMPE 257 Spring 200246 Many Variations Fully Symmetric Environment All nodes have identical capabilities and responsibilities. Asymmetric Capabilities Transmission ranges, battery life, processing capacity, and speed of movement may vary. Asymmetric Responsibilities Only some nodes may route packets. Some nodes may act as leaders of nearby nodes (e.g., cluster head).

47. CMPE 257 Spring 200247 Many Variations (cont’d) Traffic characteristics may differ in different ad hoc networks. Bit rate, Timeliness constraints, Reliability requirements, Unicast / multicast / geocast. May co-exist (and co-operate) with an infrastructure-based network

48. CMPE 257 Spring 200248 Many Variations (cont’d) Mobility patterns may be different People sitting at an airport lounge, New York taxi cabs, Students moving on campus, Military movements, Personal area network.

49. CMPE 257 Spring 200249 Many Variations (cont’d) Mobility characteristics Speed, Predictability direction of movement pattern of movement uniformity (or lack thereof) of mobility characteristics among different nodes

50. CMPE 257 Spring 200250 Challenges Limited wireless transmission range. Broadcast nature of the wireless medium. Hidden terminal problem. Packet losses due to transmission errors. Mobility-induced route changes. Mobility-induced packet losses. Battery constraints. Potentially frequent topology changes. Ease of snooping on wireless transmissions.

51. CMPE 257 Spring 200251 Hidden Terminal Problem

52. CMPE 257 Spring 200252 Carrier Sense Does Not Work Station avoids collisions by sensing carrier before transmitting. Relevant contention at the receiver, not sender. Collision happens when multiple signals interfere at receiver. CS cannot avoid collisions at receiver. A B C

53. CMPE 257 Spring 200253 Hidden terminals B can hear both A and C. But A and C cannot hear each other. If A is transmitting to B, and if C starts to transmit, hidden terminal scenario at B. A B C

54. CMPE 257 Spring 200254 Exposed terminals B is sending to A. C is ready to transmit but detects carrier and defers transmission. But A is out of C’s range. A B C

55. CMPE 257 Spring 200255 Research on MANETs Variations in capabilities & responsibilities * Variations in traffic characteristics, mobility models, etc. * Performance criteria (e.g., optimize throughput, reduce energy consumption) * Increased research funding = Significant research activity

56. CMPE 257 Spring 200256 One-size-fits-all? Perhaps using an adaptive/hybrid approach that can adapt to situation at hand. Difficult problem. Solutions usually try to address a sub- space of the problem domain.

57. CMPE 257 Spring 200257 References Nitin Vaidya’s tutorials ( www.crhc.uiuc.edu/~nhv/presentations.html ). www.crhc.uiuc.edu/~nhv/presentations.html Stalling’s “Wireless Communications and Networks”. Rappaport’s “Wireless Communications, Principles and Practice”.