1. Precise Inter-procedural Analysis Sumit Gulwani George C. Necula using Random Interpretation presented by Kian Win Ong UC Berkeley

2. a := 0 b := i a := i – 2 b := 2 c := b – a assert (a + b = i) assert (c = a + i) c := 2a + b true false true * * Quick Overview

3. a := 0 b := i a := i – 2 b := 2 c := b – a assert (a + b = i) assert (c = a + i) c := 2a + b true false true * * Quick Overview Random testing needs to execute all 4 paths to verify assertions 

4. a := 0 b := i a := i – 2 b := 2 c := b – a assert (a + b = i) assert (c = a + i) c := 2a + b true false true * * Quick Overview w 1 = 5 i = 3, a = 0, b = 3 i = 3 i = 3, a = 1, b = 2 i = 3, a = -4, b = 7 a join = w 1  a false + ( 1 – w 1 )  a true

5. a := 0 b := i a := i – 2 b := 2 c := b – a assert (a + b = i) assert (c = a + i) c := 2a + b true false true * * Quick Overview w 1 = 5 i = 3, a = 0, b = 3 i = 3 i = 3, a = 1, b = 2 i = 3, a = -4, b = 7 w 2 = 2 i = 3, a = -4, b = 7, c = 11 i = 3, a = -4, b = 7, c = -1 i = 3, a = -4, b = 7, c = 23 

6. Random Interpretation Random Testing dynamically testing the program using randomly generated input Pros: Simple implementation Cons: Limited code coverage Abstract Interpretation statically analyzing selected properties of the program using symbolic execution Pros: Static analysis Cons: Conservative / Complicated

7. Random Interpretation statically analyzing selected properties of the program using symbolic random states Pros: Static analysis, Simple implementation Cons: Probabilistically sound Small number of runs guarantee a high probability of soundness

8. Intra-procedural Framework Program Model: State captured as polynomials, which are linear in program variables Goal: To detect equivalences between polynomials c := b – ac := 2a + b w = 2 i = 3, a = -4, b = 7, c = 11 i = 3, a = -4, b = 7, c = -1 i = 3, a = -4, b = 7, c = 23

9. Intra-procedural Framework Algorithm 1.Choose random values for input variables 2.Execute assignments  Use property-specific Eval() to abstract program state as polynomials 3.Execute both branches of conditionals  Use Affine Join to combine both program states at join points 4.Compare polynomials to decide equality

10. Intra-procedural Framework Design of Eval()s  Property (abstraction) specific  Linear arithmetic e := x | e 1 § e 2 | c  e P(e) := e  Un-interpreted functions e := x | F( e ) P( x ) := x P( F( e ) ) := c 1  P(e) + c 2  Completeness and Soundness  P(e 1 ) = P(e 2 ) iff e 1 = e 2  Linearity  P(e) is linear in program variables

11. Intra-procedural Framework Affine Join  To combine (branched) program states at join points   =  w (  1,  2 ) a := 0 b := i a := i – 2 b := 2 true false * w = 5 i = 3, a = 0, b = 3 i = 3, a = 1, b = 2 i = 3, a = -4, b = 7  11 22   ( x ) := w   1 ( x ) + (1-w)   2 ( x )

12. Intra-procedural Framework Affine Join  Completeness If polynomials P 1 and P 2 are equivalent in states  1 and  2, Then they are also equivalent in state    Soundness If polynomials P 1 and P 2 are not equivalent in either state  1 and  2, Then it is unlikely that they are equivalent in state   Generate a small number t of runs

13. Inter-Procedural Extensions 1.Maintain symbolic state summaries 2.Generate multiple fresh runs

14. Inter-Procedural Extensions a := 0 b := i a := i – 2 b := 2 c := b – a assert (a + b = i) assert (c = a + i) c := 2a + b true false true * * w 1 = 5 i = 3, a = 0, b = 3 i = 3 i = 3, a = 1, b = 2 i = 3, a = -4, b = 7 w 2 = 2 i = 3, a = -4, b = 7, c = 11 i = 3, a = -4, b = 7, c = -1 i = 3, a = -4, b = 7, c = 23 

15. Inter-Procedural Extensions a := 0 b := i a := i – 2 b := 2 c := b – a assert (a + b = i) assert (c = a + i) c := 2a + b true false true * * w 1 = 5 i = 2, a = 0, b = 2 i = 3 i = 2, a = 0, b = 2 w 2 = 2 i = 2, a = 0, b = 2, c = 2  i = 2

16. Inter-Procedural Extensions a := 0 b := i a := i – 2 b := 2 c := b – a assert (a + b = i) assert (c = a + i) c := 2a + b true false true * * w 1 = 5 a = 0, b = i i a = i - 2, b = 2 a = 8 – 4i, b = 5i - 8 w 2 = 2 a = 8 – 4i, b = 5i – 8,c = 9i - 16 a = 8 – 4i, b = 5i – 8, c = 8 – 3i a = 8 – 4i, b = 5i – 8, c = 21i - 40 1. Maintain symbolic state summaries

17. Inter-Procedural Extensions u := i + 1u := 3 true false * w = 5 u = i + 1 i u = 3 u = 5i - 7 return u x := A(2) y := A(1) z := A(1) assert (x = 3) assert (y = z) Procedure A Procedure B x = 3 y = -2 z = -2 Unsound way of summarizing multiple calls

18. Inter-Procedural Extensions u := i + 1u := 3 true false * w 1 = 5 u = i + 1 i u = 3 u = 7 – 2i return u x := A(2) y := A(1) z := A(1) assert (x = 3) assert (y = z) Procedure A Procedure B x =  7 (5i – 7, 7 – 2i) y =  3 (5i – 7, 7 – 2i) z =  5 (5i – 7, 7 – 2i) 2. Generate multiple fresh runs u = i + 1 u = 3 w 2 = -2 u = 5i - 7 x =  6 (5i – 7, 7 – 2i) y =  0 (5i – 7, 7 – 2i) z =  1 (5i – 7, 7 – 2i)