1. Valuation and Rates of Return (Chapter 10)
Valuation of Assets in General
Bond Valuation
Preferred Stock Valuation
Common Stock Valuation

2. Valuation of Assets in General
The following applies to any financial asset:
V = Current value of the asset
Ct = Expected future cash flow in period (t)
k = Investor’s required rate of return
Note: When analyzing various assets (e.g., bonds, stocks), the formula below is simply modified to fit the particular kind of asset being evaluated.

3. Valuation of Assets (Continued)
Determining Intrinsic Value:
The intrinsic value of an asset (the perceived value by an individual investor) is determined by discounting all of the future cash flows back to the present at the investor’s required rate of return (i.e., Given the Ct’s and k, calculate V).
Determining Expected Rate of Return:
Find that rate of discount at which the present value of all future cash flows is exactly equal to the current market value. (i.e., Given the Ct’s and V, calculate k).

4. Investors’ Required Rates of Return (Nominal Risk-Free Rate Plus a Risk Premium)
Required Return
Risk

5. Bond Valuation Pb = Price of the bond
It = Interest payment in period (t)
(Coupon interest)
Pn = Principal payment at maturity (par value)
Y = Bondholders’ required rate of return or
yield to maturity
Annual Discounting:

6. Bond Valuation (Continued)
Semiannual Discounting:
Divide the annual interest payment by 2
Divide the annual required rate of return by 2
Multiply the number of years by 2

7. Determining Intrinsic Value
The investor’s perceived value
Given It, Pn, and Y, solve for Pb
Determining Yield to Maturity
Expected rate of return
Given It, Pn, and Pb, solve for Y

8. Calculating Yield to Maturity
Trial and Error: Keep guessing until you find the rate whereby the present value of the interest and principal payments is equal to the current price of the bond. (necessary procedure without a financial calculator or computer).
Easiest Approach: Use a computer or financial calculator. Note, however, that it is extremely important to understand the mechanics that go into the calculations.

9. Relationship Between Interest Rates, Time to Maturity, and Bond Prices
For both bonds shown below, the coupon rate is 10% (i.e., It = $100 and Pn = $1,000).
Bond Price
5 year bond
20 year bond
Yield to Maturity (Y) - Percent

10. 1: When Y = coupon rate, Pb = Pn 2. When Y < coupon rate, Pb >Pn
Relationship Between Coupon Rate and Yield to Maturity (Y) or Current Interest Rates
1: When Y = coupon rate, Pb = Pn
2. When Y < coupon rate, Pb >Pn
(Bond sells at a premium)
3. When Y > coupon rate, Pb < Pn
(Bond sells at a discount)
Also Note: If interest rates (Y) go up, bond prices drop, and vice versa. Furthermore, the longer the maturity of the bond, the greater the price change for any given change in interest rates.

11. Preferred Stock Valuation
Ordinary preferred stock usually represents a perpetuity (a stream of equal dividend payments expected to continue forever).
Pp = Price of the preferred stock
Dp = Annual dividend (a constant amount)
kp = Required rate of return
Determining Intrinsic Value:

12. Preferred Stock (Continued)
Algebraic proof that Equation 1 is equal to Equation 2 on the previous slide when the dividend is a constant amount can be found in many finance texts.
Determining Expected Rate of Return:

13. Common Stock Valuation

14. Common Stock Valuation Continued

15. Constant Growth Rate Model

16. Valuing Common Stock Using Valuation Ratios
Price Per Share = (EPS)(P/E)
Price Per Share = (BV Per Share)(Price/Book)
Price Per Share = (Sales Per Share)(Price/Sales)