1. Barometric models These models identify patterns among variables over time. That is, you try to find time series variables that “signal” future changes in the business climate.

2. Outline: 1.Components of the Conference Board’s leading, coincident, and lagging economic indicators. 2.Conference Board selection criteria 3.The record of the Leading Index in predicting recession and recovery. 4.The Ratio Index

3. The Leading Index (CLI) The Composite Index of Leading Economic Indicators (CLI) is selection of time series variables that more often that not “lead” the cycle—that is, they tend to be in decline some months prior to a business cycle peak and tend to start rising months prior to a trough. A discernible downturn in the CLI is a predictor of a coming recession. An upturn in the CLI is an indication that the recession is nearly at an end.

4. Components of the Leading Index 1.Average weekly hours, manufacturing 2.Average weekly initial claims for unemployment insurance 3.Manufacturers' new orders, consumer goods and materials (in 1996 $) 4.Vendor performance, slower deliveries diffusion index 5.Manufacturers' new orders, non-defense capital goods (in 1996 $) 6.Building permits, new private housing units 7.Stock prices, 500 common stocks 8.Money supply (M2) (in 1996 $) 9.Interest rate spread, 10-year Treasury bonds less federal funds (yield curve) 10.Index of consumer expectations

5. Conference Board selection criteria for the CLI Timing. Does the series have turning points spaced at lengthy intervals from cycle peaks and troughs, and is it consistent? The longer and more consistent the lead time, the higher the score for timing. Conformity. How often does the series give off false alarms of impending turning points in the cycle? Smoothness. Is the series choppy or erratic? Currency. Is the most recent data readily available? Statistical Adequacy Rates the quality of the reporting system. Economic Significance. Does the time path of this series make sense (at the level of theory) as a predictor of the future level of economic activity? Revisions. Is there a strong likelihood that the most recently available data will be subsequently revised?

6. CriterionWeight Score Timing0.26794 Conformity0.16765 Smoothness0.13380 Currency0.100100 Statistical adequacy 0.06780 Economic Significance 0.16780 Revisions0.100100 Overall score is 85. By way of comparison, the score for sensitive material prices is 66.

7. Weights of the components of the CLI ComponentWeight Average weekly hours, manufacturing.184 Average weekly initial claims for unemployment insurance.025 Manufacturers' new orders, consumer goods and materials.050 Vendor performance, slower deliveries diffusion index.028 Manufacturers' new orders, non-defense capital goods.013 Building permits, new private housing units.019 Stock prices, 500 common stocks.031 Money supply, M2.301 Interest rate spread, 10-year Treasury bonds less federal funds.332 Index of consumer expectations.018

8. Recession months are shaded

10. U.S. Index of Leading Indicators, 1987 = 100 CLI led March 2001 peak by 14 months -14

11. The CLI: How reliable are they? From 1948 to 1988, the revised index of leading indicators had a average lead of 9 ½ months at business cycle peaks. Lead times at peaks ranged from 2 to 20 months. At business cycle troughs, the average lead is 4 ½ months. Lead times at troughs ranged from 1 to 10 months. The CLI set off false alarms of an impending business cycle peak and contraction in 1966 and again in 1984.

12. The CLI will tell you a recession or recovery is coming—but you won’t know when. Could be a month, or it could be 18 months. Also, a sharp decrease in the CLI (in percentage terms) does NOT necessarily mean the forthcoming recession will be a severe one.

13. 1.Employees on nonagricultural payrolls(weight =.479) 2.Personal income less transfer payments (weight =.283) 3.Industrial production (weight =.129) 4.Manufacturing and trade sales (weight =.109) Recall we said the NBER looks to these indicators to date cycle peaks and troughs.

14. Recession months are shaded

16. 1.Average duration of unemployment (weight =.037) 2.Inventories to sales ratio, manufacturing and trade (weight =.123) 3.Labor cost per unit of output, manufacturing (weight =.062) 4.Average prime rate (weight =.243) 5.Commercial and industrial loans (weight =.128) 6.Consumer installment credit to personal income ratio (weight =.221) 7. Consumer price index for services (weight =.186)

17. Recession months are shaded

18. The Ratio Index (RI) Let C denote the composite index of coincident indicators. Let L denote the index of lagging indicators. The ratio index is given by: RI = C/L

19. Recessions are shaded

21. NBER-dated PeakCLI Lead (months)Ratio Index Lead (months) July 195359 August 19582027 April 19601012 Dec 1969813 Nov 1973811 Jan 19801521 July 198129 July 199066 Ave. = 9.3 Std. Dev. = 5.8 Ave. = 13.5 Std. Dev. = 7.0 Comparing the Performance of the CLI and the Ratio Index in Predicting Post-War Recessions