1. Objektif Kursus °Objektif Kursus : Memberi kefahaman yang jelas kepada pelajar berkenaan senibina dan organisasi sistem komputer moden. Teknologi Bhs. Pengaturcaraan OS Sejarah Aplikasi R/btk Ant.muka Parallelism Computer Architecture: Instruction Set Design Machine Organization Implementation

2. Apakah “Senibina Sistem Komputer” °Senibina Komputer ialah rekabentuk komputer pada antaramuka hardware/software. °Senibina Komputer = Senibina Set Arahan + Organisasi Mesin Senibina Komputer R/btj Set ArahanOrganisasi Mesin Computer InterfaceKomp2 Perkakasan Compiler/System ViewLogic Designer’s View ­“Building Architect”­“Construction Engineer”

3. Senibina Set Arahan °Senibina set arahan adalah merujuk kpd sistem komputer yg dilihat oleh pengaturcara assembly language programmer atau compiler. Yakni Set Arahan (what operations can be performed?) Format Arahan (how are instructions specified?) Storan Data (where is data located?) Mod2 Pengalamat (how is data accessed?) Exceptional Conditions (what happens if something goes wrong?) °Kefahaman tentang senibina komputer sangat penting bagi compiler writers, operating system designers dan general computer programmers.

4. MIPS R3000 Instruction Set Architecture (Summary) °Instruction Categories Load/Store Computational Jump and Branch Floating Point Memory Management Special R0 - R31 PC HI LO OP rs rt rdsafunct rs rt immediate jump target 3 Instruction Formats: all 32 bits wide Registers

5. Organisasi Mesin °Organisasi Mesin adlh berkenaan komputer dari pandangan seorang logic designer. Yakni Krateria Kapabiliti & Prestasi bagi unit fungsian (cth., registers, ALU, shifters, dlln.). Cara komponen2 ini disambung diantara satu sama lain Bgnm aliran data/maklumat di dalam dan di antara komponen2 ini Bgmn logik dan aliran data/maklumat dikawal Bgmn unit fungsian di koordinat utk merealisasikan ISA °Selalunya organisasi mesin direkabentuk supaya ia bersesuaian dengan ISA yg diberi. °W/bgnmpun, utk mendptkan IS yg bagus adlh sangat penting mengetahui bgnm senibina IS perlu dilaksanakan.

6. Pertimbangan2 dlm “Senibina Komputer” I/O systemInstr. Set Proc. Compiler Operating System Application Digital Design Circuit Design Instruction Set Architecture Firmware °Koordinasi levels of abstraction °Under a rapidly changing set of forces °Design, Measurement, and Evaluation Datapath & Control Layout Software Hardware

7. Levels of abstraction °Konsep penting dlm senibina komputer ialah penggunaan pelbagai levels of abstractions. °Setiap level of abstraction mengandungi an interface (outside view of what it does), and an implementation (inside view of how it works) A B Y S 2 x 1 Mux A B S NAND Y Interface Implementation

8. Faktor penting yg mempengaruh Senibina Komputer Computer Architecture Technology Programming Languages Operating Systems History Applications

9. Hala Tuju Teknologi °Thn 1985, wujud pemproses 32-bit dlm satu cip tunggal dan single-board computer °Thn 2002, keseluruhan sistem komputer dlm satu cip sahaja. DRAM YearSize 198064 Kb 1983256 Kb 19861 Mb 19894 Mb 199216 Mb 199664 Mb 1999256 Mb 20021 Gb Microprocessor Logic DensityDRAM chip capacity

10. Hala Tuju Teknologi °Pemproses Kapasiti logik: meningkat lbh krg 30% setahun Kadar jam: meningkat lbh krg 20% setahun prestasi: meningkat lbh krg 50% setahun °Memori Kapasiti DRAM: meningkat lbh krg 60% setahun (4x setiap 3 thn) prestasi: meningkat lbh krg 3.4% setahun °Cakera kapasiti prestasi: meningkat lbh krg 60% setahun prestasi: meningkat lbh krg 3.4% setahun °Apakah kesannya kepada sistem komputer masa depan? °Apakah kesannya kepada rekabentuk?

11. Hala Tuju Teknologi

12. Prestasi Pemproses RISC introduction performance now improves ­ 50% per year (2x every 1.5 years)

13. Pengukuran dan Penilaian Senibina merupakan proses lelaran ‘iterative process’ -- mencari rekabentuk2 yg berkemungkinan -- pd semua aras sistem komputer Accurate measurement and evaluation is crucial to making the right design decisions Good Ideas Mediocre Ideas Bad Ideas Cost / Performance Analysis Creativity

14. Aras Pewakilan High Level Language Program Assembly Language Program Machine Language Program Control Signal Specification Compiler Assembler Machine Interpretation temp = v[k]; v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp; lw$15,0($2) lw$16,4($2) sw$16,0($2) sw$15,4($2) 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 °°°° ALUOP[0:3] <= InstReg[9:11] & MASK

15. Komponen2 Komputer °Selalunya sistem komputer terdiri drpd lima jenis komponen: datapath – melaksanakan operasi aritmetik dan logik -e.g., adders, multipliers, shifters memory – memegang data dan arahan (instructions) -e.g., cache, main memory, disk input - hantar data ke komputer -e.g., keyboard, mouse output - dapat data daripada komputer -e.g., screen, sound card control – beri directions kpd komponen2 lain -e.g., bus controller, memory interface unit

16. Kos Komponen Komputer Processor Computer Control Datapath MemoryDevices Input Output Workstation Design Target: 25% of cost on Processor 25% of cost on Memory Rest on I/O devices, power supplies, box

17. Komponen2 Sistem Komputer Proc Caches Busses Memory I/O Devices: Controllers adapters Disks Displays Keyboards Networks °Semuanya ada interfaces & organizations Controllers

18. Summary °Computer Architecture includes the design of the Instruction Set Architecture (programmer's view) and the Machine Organization (logic designer’s view). °Levels of abstraction, which consist of an interface and an implementation are useful to manage designs. °Processor performance increases rapidly, but the speeds of memory and I/0 have not kept pace. °Computer systems are comprised on datapath, memory, input devices, output devices, and control.