1. A Game Theoretic Approach to Provide Incentive and Service Differentiation in P2P Networks John C.S. Lui The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint work with Richard T.B. Ma, Sam C.M. Lee, David K.Y. Yau (Purdue University)

2. Outline Problem, Issues & System Infrastructure Resource Distribution Mechanisms Resource Competition Games Experiments Future work

3. Problems The popularity of P2P applications Free-riding problem –Nearly 70% users do not share. Tragedy of the Commons –Nearly 50% request responses are from top 1% nodes. Nodes enjoy service without contribution. Objectives –Provide incentive for user to share. –Provide Service Differentiation for (physically and habitually) different users.

4. Technical issues How to provide incentives to users? –Contribution measure. –Differentiated service. How to distribute bandwidth resource? –Various physical types & contributions. –Fairness, efficiency concern. How to adapt network dynamics? –Join / leave. –Network congestion.

5. System Infrastructure: terms Contribution value C i Bidding value (or desired bandwidth) b i Allocated bandwidth x i Actual receiving bandwidth x i ’ node i

6. System Infrastructure: Interactions time bi(t0)bi(t0) x i (t 0 ) x i (t 1 ) (b i,C i ) (b j,C j ) (b k,C k ).. bi(t1)bi(t1) competing node i source node s xi’ (t1)xi’ (t1) xi’ (t0)xi’ (t0) Ws

7. Outline Problem and System Infrastructure Resource Distribution Mechanisms Resource Competition Games Experiments

8. Resource Distribution Mechanisms (RDM) Objective –Design an appropriate resource distribution function: f : {C i }×{b i } → {x i }. –Design an efficient algorithm to achieve the resource distribution. Desired Properties and Constraints –Physical constraint on individual bandwidth: x i ¸ 0. –Physical constraint on the total bandwidth resource:  x i · W s. –The assigned bandwidth resource should less than or equal to the request desired bandwidth (desirability constraint): x i · b i. –Pareto optimality:  b i ¸ W s !  x i = W s.

9. Resource Distribution Mechanisms (an example) Three competing nodes. Bidding values: – b 1 =2 Mbps, b 2 =5 Mbps, b 3 =8 Mbps. Source node’s bandwidth capacity: –W s = 10 Mbps.

10. Non-negative constraint Budget constraint Desirability constraint Pareto optimal W s = 10; (b 1,b 2,b 3 ) = (2,5,8)

11. Resource Distribution Mechanisms: Baseline algorithm Progressive filling algorithm Pareto optimal Solving the problem: –Maximize  x i –Subject to  x i · W s 0 · x i · b i 8 i Max-min fairness W s = 10; (b 1,b 2,b 3 ) = (2,5,8) (x 1,x 2,x 3 ) = (2,4,4)

13. Resource Distribution Mechanisms Desired Properties (Cont.) –Incentive: large C i values induce large x i. Idea: progressive filling weighted by C i. –Social utility :  U i. Denote U i (x i,b i ) as the utility function, indicating the degree of happiness of node i. Our utility function : U i (x i,b i ) = log(x i / b i + 1) Concavity, through origin, same maximum utility

14. Resource Distribution Mechanisms: Incentive-based Contribution weighted filling Pareto optimal Solving the problem: –Maximize  C i x i –Subject to  x i · W s 0 · x i · b i 8 i Proportional to contribution values (C 1,C 2,C 3 ) = (2,5,3) (x 1,x 2,x 3 ) = (2,5,3) W s = 10; (b 1,b 2,b 3 ) = (2,5,8)

16. Resource Distribution Mechanisms: Utility-based Maximal Marginal Utility first filling: U’ i = 1/(x i +b i ) Pareto optimal Solving the problem: –Maximize  U i –Subject to  x i · W s 0 · x i · b i 8 i Same marginal utility. U i = log (x i /b i +1) W s = 10; (b 1,b 2,b 3 ) = (2,5,8) (x 1,x 2,x 3 ) = (2,5,3)

18. Resource Distribution Mechanisms: Incentive and Utility Contribution weighted marginal utility filling C i U i ’. Pareto optimal Solving the problem: –Maximize  C i U i –Subject to  x i · W s 0 · x i · b i 8 I W s = 10; (b1,b2,b3) = (2,5,8); U i = log (xi/bi+1) (C1,C2,C3) = (2,5,3) (x 1,x 2,x 3 ) = (2,5,3)

20. Incentive and utility concern –If Ci/bi >= Cj/bj  Ui>=Uj Efficiency –Pareto optimal Easy to implementation –Linear time complexity

21. Outline Problem and System Infrastructure Resource Distribution Mechanisms Resource Competition Games Experiments

22. Resource Competition Games Consider the competing node’s side. –What is the optimal value of b i for node i to send? time bi(t0)bi(t0) xi (t0)xi (t0) competing node i source node s (b i,C i ) (b j,C j ) (b k,C k ).. WsWs U=log(x/b+1) ! (x i,x j,x k..)

23. Resource Competition Games -- the theoretical game General Game –Players –Strategies –Game rules –Outcome Resource Competition Game –Competing nodes –Biddings –Resource distribution mechanism –Amount of bandwidth resource

24. Resource Competition Games -- the theoretical game Solution Concepts –Pareto optimality : No other solution which makes some of the players better off without hurting any of the other players. –Nash equilibrium : No player can get better off by unilaterally shifting strategy from Nash equilibrium. Resource competition game results –The resource distribution mechanism guarantees Pareto optimality. –There exists a unique Nash equilibrium solution. –In the unique Nash equilibrium, solution is proportional to contribution values. –Collusion proof.

25. Resource Competition Games -- the theoretical game The Nash equilibrium b i * = W s C i /  C j 8 i ! x i * = W s C i /  C j 8 i (in the paper) Justifications for Nash equilibrium –When b i < b i *, by budget constraint, x i is at most b i. –When b i > b i *, x i does not increase. Ws = 10; (b1,b2,b3) = (2,5,8); Ui = log (xi/bi+1) (C1,C2,C3) = (2,5,3)

26. Resource Competition Games -- the practical game Gaps between the theoretical game and the practical game. Common knowledge problem –How to bring the nodes to the Nash equilibrium? Wastage problem –Node may have a maximal download bandwidth, which is less than what it can receive in the Nash equilibrium. Network dynamics problem –Arrival and departure. –Network congestion.

27. Resource Competition Games -- the practical game When a new node i requests service: –The source node tells the current signal information s i = W s C i /  C j to the new participant i. –Competing node bids for b i = min{ w i,(1+  )s i } Service period: –Competing node measures the effective bandwidth x i ’ it receives. –Competing node bids for b i = min{ w i,(1+  )x i ’ }

28. Practical game: Justifications Source node’s signal s i = W s C i /  C j helps operating around the Nash equilibrium. b i = min{w i,(1+  )s i } or b i = min{w i,(1+  )x i ’ } –Even the new x i > w i, the competing node cannot receive due to the physical constraint. –Large bidding value may decrease the resource gain. –Adaptive to network congestion.  value –Facilitate competing nodes reaching new equilibrium due to network dynamics. –Larger value of , faster convergence to new equilibrium. –Smaller value of , less oscillation in new equilibrium.

29. Resource Competition Games -- the practical game Dynamic equilibrium –If the bottleneck is on competing nodes’ side: 8 i 2 N  x i * = w i –If the bottleneck is on any intermediate link: 8 j 2 N  x j * = v j –If the bottleneck is on the source node’s side: 8 k 2 N  x k * = (C k /  { l 2 N  } C l ) W s ’ where W s ’ =W s -  { i 2 N  } w i -  { j 2 N  } v j )

30. Outline Problem and System Infrastructure Resource Distribution Mechanisms Resource Competition Games Experiments Future work

31. Proportional bandwidth gain corresponding to the contribution. New equilibrium reaches immediately. Bandwidth allocation is bounded by the maximal receiving bandwidth. W s = 2 (Mbps) Contribution: [ 400, 100, 200, 300 ] Maximal receiving bandwidth: [ 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5 ] (Mbps) Arrival time: [ 20, 40, 60, 80 ]

32. Changes of equilibrium by arrival and departure. Proportional share and physical limits. No bandwidth wastage. Departure leads to new equilibrium by . W s = 2 (Mbps) Contribution: [ 400, 300, 200, 100 ] Maximal receiving bandwidth: [ 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5 ] (Mbps) Arrival time: [ 20, 80, 60, 40 ] Departure time: [ 100, 120, 140, 160 ]

33. Changes of equilibrium during the congestion. Proportional sharing among un-congested nodes. W s = 2 (Mbps) Contribution: [ 400, 300, 200, 100 ] Maximal receiving bandwidth: [ 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5 ] (Mbps) Congestion period: [ 30, 40 ] & [ 50, 60 ] and has a maximal receiving bandwidth of 0.4 Mbps during the congestion period.

34. Experiments: conclusion Service differentiations –Contribution, utility and fairness concerns –Linear-time algorithm for resource allocation Equilibrium solution –Pareto optimal (global efficiency) –Nash solution (selfish and rational) –Proportional to contribution (incentive) –Collusion proof (secure and rational) Adaptive to network dynamics –Dynamic join/leave –Network congestion