1. MAC Layer (Mis)behaviors Christophe Augier - CSE802.11 Summer 2003

2. 802.11 - MAC Based on CSMA like Ethernet Two different access methods DCF – Distributed Coordination Function PCF – Point Coordination Function

3. MAC – CSMA CSMA – Carrier Sense Multiple Access + very effective under low loads - possible collisions

4. CSMA/CA CA: Collision Avoidance Random back-off value RTS / CTS ACK scheme

5. Questions How MAC behaves with widely used protocols? Is the throughput fairly shared? How MAC handles misbehaving nodes?

6. How… - Sender Sense the medium busy free Transmit CW=CWmin repeat >= 7 CW= min(2 CW, C w max ) backoff counter = 0

7. Backoff value Selected from range [0, CW] If medium is free for a time equal to DIFS – DCF InterFrame Space, backoff is counted down If medium is busy, suspend backoff countdown

8. How… - Receiver Check CRC corrupted ok Send ACK CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check

9. How… - both SenderReceiver RTS CTS data ACK Sense the medium Transmit

10. MAC + TCP Why TCP? Widely used – prevalent protocol used in Internet Adaptability – network conditions, congestion control Topology: ad hoc net, string of 7 nodes Assumptions: No traffic – to get stable network and TCP throughput Infinite flow – always data to send out

11. First test 1 sender, 1 receiver 2345167 TCP

12. First test results Instability in the TCP Connection lost

13. First test explication One node fails to reach its adjacent node drops packets reports route failure

14. First test solution causes: packet size – too big number of packets sent back-to-back – too many One node was capturing the medium solution: decrease TCP window i.e. number of packets sent back-to-back

15. Second test 2 TCP sessions started with a delay of 20s 2345167 TCP interferences

16. Second test results The first session is forced down

17. Second test results causes: Collisions between node 2 TCP packets and node 5 RTS packets Route failure TCP session timeout solutions: null Reducing the TCP window does not work

18. First conclusion MAC is unchanged, the layer above MAC are changed to recover losses Link layer Transport layer Change MAC - radical

19. MACs comparison Experiments to compare: CSMA FAMA – RTS/CTS 802.11 – CSMA/CA, RTS/CTS + ACK Under different multihop environments

20. Variable number of hops Var. TCP window sizes Var. number of hops

21. Variable number of hops Throughput is inversely proportional to the hop distance Max throughput with TCP Win= 1 Throughput: CSMA > FAMA > 802.11 802.11 stable for different values of W

22. Hidden terminal CSMA: unfair, FAMA and 802.11: fair Thanks to CA mechanisms

23. Ring topology 802.11 not so fair compared to FAMA Increasing the DIFS period achieve fairness

24. 9x9 grid Good Throughput But capture

25. 9x9 grid with mobility Evidence of captures effects But far better than CSMA and FAMA

26. Conclusions 802.11 is promising Good combination of throughput and fairness Good behavior with mobility Need work: To make TCP and MAC work well together MAC layer timers - fairness

27. MAC layer misbehavior Problem: No detection of misbehaviors A selfish node can get a better throughput than well-behaved nodes

28. Solutions Identify and punish misbehaving nodes: Avoid such nodes in routing Protocol penalizing misbehavior Game-theoretic techniques

29. Proposed solution Receiver selects the sender next backoff value The sender have to use this assigned backoff value The receiver then can detect misbehavior

30. Detecting misbehavior B act <  * B exp, 0 < a < 1 When a node is misbehaving? Deviation may come from: Sender senses the medium as free, the receiver does not. How to choose  ?

31. Penalizing misbehaving nodes Select  reasonably high Use a diagnosis scheme based on a window W a threshold THRESH A node is misbehaving when

32. Results

33. Issues misbehaving receiver Tradeoff between Penalizing misbehaving nodes Ensuring the fairness of well-behaved nodes

34. Conclusions 802.11 is promising (compared to previous MAC) Good combination of throughput and fairness Good behavior with mobility Need work: To make TCP and MAC work well together Recover losses New protocol MAC layer timers – fairness, avoid capture effects Mobility Safe against misbehaving nodes - fairness