1. INSOLVENCY SUMMER 2009/2010

2. LECTURE 2 ACTS OF BANKRUPTCY To obtain a sequestration order, creditor has to prove that debtor has committed in act of bankruptcy within 6 months before presentation of a creditor’s petition - s 43(1)(a), s 44(1) s 43(1)(a)s 44(1) What is an “act of bankruptcy” ? Look at s 40(1)s 40(1) In most cases the act of bankruptcy is failure to comply with the terms of a bankruptcy notice - 40(1)(g)40(1)(g)

3. INSOLVENCY SUMMER 2009/2010 Typical sequence of events: Court judgment Issue and service of bankruptcy notice Failure to comply = act of bankruptcy Court makes sequestration order Presentation of creditor’s petition Court hearing

4. INSOLVENCY SUMMER 2009/2010 S 40(1) A debtor commits an act of bankruptcy in each of the following cases: …………………………. (g)if a creditor who has obtained against the debtor a final judgment or final order, being a judgment or order the execution of which has not been stayed, has served on the debtor in Australia or, by leave of the Court, elsewhere, a bankruptcy notice under this Act and the debtor does not: (i)where the notice was served in Australia—within the time specified in the notice; or (ii)where the notice was served elsewhere—within the time fixed for the purpose by the order giving leave to effect the service; comply with the requirements of the notice or satisfy the Court that he or she has a counter ‑ claim, set ‑ off or cross demand equal to or exceeding the amount of the judgment debt or sum payable under the final order, as the case may be, being a counter ‑ claim, set ‑ off or cross demand that he or she could not have set up in the action or proceeding in which the judgment or order was obtained;

5. INSOLVENCY SUMMER 2009/2010 FORMAL REQUIREMENTS A bankruptcy notice shall be in Form 1 - s 41(2) [Nichols 126]s 41(2) Reg 4.02 [Nichols 662] prescribes Form 1Reg 4.02 Form 1 is found in Schedule 1 to the Bankruptcy Regulations [Nichols 817]Form 1 Application is made to the Official Receiver for the issue of a notice - Reg 4.01 [Nichols 661]Reg 4.01

6. INSOLVENCY SUMMER 2009/2010 It must correctly state the amount of the debt It must give the debtor sufficient time (usually 21 days) to pay the debt It must nominate a place for payment It must be based upon a final judgment or order s 40(1)(g) The execution of the judgment or order must not have been stayed - s 40(1)(g) The claim must be for more than $2,000 - s 41(1)(a)

7. INSOLVENCY SUMMER 2009/2010 SERVICE In accordance with Reg 16.01 [Nichols 708]:Reg 16.01 –sent to last-known address –left in envelope at DX –left at last known address –served personally –sent by fax or other electronic mode Substituted service - s 309(2) [Nichols 626]s 309(2) Must be served within 6 months of issue -Reg 4.02A [Nichols 662]Reg 4.02A

8. INSOLVENCY SUMMER 2009/2010 DEFECTS OR IRREGULARITIES s 306 [Nichol 622]s 306 Kleinwort Benson Australia v Crowl (1988) 165 CLR 71 at 77Kleinwort Benson Australia v Crowl substantive defects - essential requirements - misleading the debtor Adams v Lambert (2006) 228 CLR 409Adams v Lambert Bankruptcy notices will be construed strictly - Re Walsh (1982) 47 ALR 751: “A bankruptcy notice sets in motion the whole process leading to bankruptcy and must, since the proceedings are of a quasi-penal nature, be construed strictly.”

9. INSOLVENCY SUMMER 2009/2010 CHALLENGING BANKRUPTCY NOTICES Bankruptcy law is often highly technical, and occasionally far removed from common sense” - Kyriackou 138 FCR 324Kyriackou Application to set aside judgment on which notice is based - s 41(6A)(a)s 41(6A)(a) Application to extend time for compliance with the notice - s 41(6A)(b)s 41(6A)(b) Application to set aside a defective notice –defect is substantial not formal –defect is capable of reasonably misleading the debtor –overstatement of amount - s 41(5), (6)s 41(5), (6) –examples of invalid notices - Nichols 129-134

10. INSOLVENCY SUMMER 2009/2010 COUNTER-CLAIM, SET-OFF OR CROSS-DEMAND quantum must be equal to or exceed the judgment debt - s 40(1)(g)s 40(1)(g) must be a counter-claim which could not have been set up in original proceedings - s 40(1)(g)s 40(1)(g) extension of time for compliance pending challenge on ground of a cross-claim - s 41(7) s 41(7) the debtor must show that he has a prima facie case - Ebert v Union Trustee (1960) 104 CLR 346Ebert v Union Trustee court must weigh up the merit of the counter-claim with the justice or allowing bankruptcy proceedings to go ahead or be stayed - Guss v Johnstone [2000] HCA 26Guss v Johnstone

11. INSOLVENCY SUMMER 2009/2010 Next week: Lecture 3 Creditors’ Petitions & Debtors’ Petitions Reading: Keays, 46-53, 68-77 Bankruptcy Act, ss 43, 52, 55 Nichols 147-192 Course of a Hearing