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Endocrine System Function and purpose of hormones

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1 Endocrine System Function and purpose of hormones
Classification, structure, and synthesis of hormones Pathways of nervous to endocrine regulation Effects of hormone interactions Pathologies of the endocrine system Hormone evolution

2 Anatomy Summary: Hormones
Figure 7-2 (1 of 4)

3 Anatomy Summary: Hormones
Figure 7-2 (2 of 4)

4 Anatomy Summary: Hormones
Figure 7-2 (3 of 4)

5 Anatomy Summary: Hormones
PLAY Animation: Endocrine System: Endocrine System Review Figure 7-2 (4 of 4)

6 Chemical Regulating Systems
Hormones: cell to cell communication molecules Made in gland(s) or cells Transported by blood Distant target tissue receptors Activates physiological response Pheromones: organism to organism communication

7 Hormones: Function Control of Exert effects at very low concentrations
Rates of enzymatic reactions Transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes Gene expression and protein synthesis Exert effects at very low concentrations Bind to target cell receptors Half-life indicates length of activity

8 Hormones: Classification
Peptide or protein hormones Steroid hormones Amine hormones PLAY Animation: Endocrine System: Biochemistry, Secretion, and Transport of Hormones

9 Hormones: Peptides or Proteins
Preprohormone Large, inactive Prohormone Post-translational modification Peptide hormone-receptor complex Signal transduction system

10 Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release
4 5 To target Active hormone Golgi complex Secretory vesicle ECF Cytoplasm Plasma Peptide fragment Release signal Capillary endothelium Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. The secretory vesicle releases its contents by exocytosis into the extracellular space. The hormone moves into the circulation for transport to its target. Enzymes in the ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. The prohormone passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. Secretory vesicles containing enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. mRNA Ribosome Prohormone Signal sequence Transport Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Preprohormone 1 2 3 6 Figure 7-3

11 Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release
ECF Cytoplasm Plasma Capillary endothelium Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. mRNA Ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Preprohormone 1 Figure 7-3, step 1

12 Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release
ECF Cytoplasm Plasma Capillary endothelium Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. Enzymes in the ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. mRNA Ribosome Prohormone Signal sequence Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Preprohormone 1 2 Figure 7-3, steps 1–2

13 Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release
Golgi complex ECF Cytoplasm Plasma Capillary endothelium Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. Enzymes in the ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. The prohormone passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. mRNA Ribosome Prohormone Signal sequence Transport vesicle Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Preprohormone 1 2 3 Figure 7-3, steps 1–3

14 Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release
4 Active hormone Golgi complex Secretory vesicle ECF Cytoplasm Plasma Peptide fragment Capillary endothelium Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. Enzymes in the ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. The prohormone passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. Secretory vesicles containing enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. mRNA Ribosome Prohormone Signal sequence Transport Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Preprohormone 1 2 3 Figure 7-3, steps 1–4

15 Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release
4 5 Active hormone Golgi complex Secretory vesicle ECF Cytoplasm Plasma Peptide fragment Release signal Capillary endothelium Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. The secretory vesicle releases its contents by exocytosis into the extracellular space. Enzymes in the ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. The prohormone passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. Secretory vesicles containing enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. mRNA Ribosome Prohormone Signal sequence Transport Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Preprohormone 1 2 3 Figure 7-3, steps 1–5

16 Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release
4 5 To target Active hormone Golgi complex Secretory vesicle ECF Cytoplasm Plasma Peptide fragment Release signal Capillary endothelium Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. The secretory vesicle releases its contents by exocytosis into the extracellular space. The hormone moves into the circulation for transport to its target. Enzymes in the ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. The prohormone passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. Secretory vesicles containing enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. mRNA Ribosome Prohormone Signal sequence Transport Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Preprohormone 1 2 3 6 Figure 7-3, steps 1–6

17 Peptide Hormone-Receptor Complex
Surface receptor Hormone binds Enzyme activation Open channels Second messenger systems Cellular response

18 Peptide Hormone-Receptor Complex
Membrane receptors and signal transduction for peptide hormones Figure 7-5

19 Steroid Hormones: Features
Cholesterol-derived Lipophilic and can enter target cell Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors (mostly) Activate DNA for protein synthesis Slower acting, longer half-life Examples Cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone

20 Steroid Hormones: Structure
Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol Figure 7-6

21 Steroid Hormones: Action
Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Translation produces new proteins for cell processes. Some steroid hormones also bind to mem- brane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The receptor- hormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Activated genes create new mRNA that moves into the cytoplasm. Cell membrane Interstitial fluid Cytoplasmic receptor Endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nuclear DNA Translation Rapid responses Transcription produces mRNA Steroid hormone Blood vessel Protein carrier New proteins Cell surface receptor 2 3 1 4 5 2a Figure 7-7

22 Steroid Hormones: Action
Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Cell membrane Interstitial fluid Nucleus Blood vessel Protein carrier 1 Figure 7-7, step 1

23 Steroid Hormones: Action
Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Cell membrane Interstitial fluid Cytoplasmic receptor Nucleus Nuclear Steroid hormone Blood vessel Protein carrier 2 1 Figure 7-7, steps 1–2

24 Steroid Hormones: Action
Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Some steroid hormones also bind to mem- brane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Cell membrane Interstitial fluid Cytoplasmic receptor Nucleus Nuclear Rapid responses Steroid hormone Blood vessel Protein carrier Cell surface receptor 2 1 2a Figure 7-7, steps 1–2a

25 Steroid Hormones: Action
Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Some steroid hormones also bind to mem- brane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The receptor- hormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Cell membrane Interstitial fluid Cytoplasmic receptor Nucleus Nuclear DNA Rapid responses Steroid hormone Blood vessel Protein carrier Cell surface receptor 2 3 1 2a Figure 7-7, steps 1–3

26 Steroid Hormones: Action
Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Some steroid hormones also bind to mem- brane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The receptor- hormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Activated genes create new mRNA that moves into the cytoplasm. Cell membrane Interstitial fluid Cytoplasmic receptor Nucleus Nuclear DNA Rapid responses Transcription produces mRNA Steroid hormone Blood vessel Protein carrier Cell surface receptor 2 3 1 4 2a Figure 7-7, steps 1–4

27 Steroid Hormones: Action
Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Translation produces new proteins for cell processes. Some steroid hormones also bind to mem- brane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The receptor- hormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Activated genes create new mRNA that moves into the cytoplasm. Cell membrane Interstitial fluid Cytoplasmic receptor Endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nuclear DNA Translation Rapid responses Transcription produces mRNA Steroid hormone Blood vessel Protein carrier New proteins Cell surface receptor 2 3 1 4 5 2a Figure 7-7, steps 1–5

28 Amine Hormones: Features
Derived from one of two amino acids Tryptophan Tyrosine Ring structure

29 Amine Hormones: Examples
Thyroid hormones Catecholamines Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine

30 Amine Hormones: Structure
Tyrosine-derived amine hormones Figure 7-8

31 Endocrine Reflex Pathways
Stimulus Afferent signal Integration Efferent signal (the hormone) Physiological action Negative feedback PLAY Animation: Endocrine System: The Actions of Hormones on Target Cells

32 Endocrine Reflex Pathways
Hormones may have multiple stimuli for their release Figure 7-9

33 Simple Endocrine Reflex: Parathyroid Hormone
Figure 7-10

34 Neurohormones: Major Groups
Adrenal medulla Catecholamines Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary

35 The Pituitary Gland Anatomy
Figure 7-11

36 The Pituitary Gland: Two Fused
Figure 7-12

37 The Pituitary Gland: Two Fused
Hormones of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway Figure 7-13

38 Endocrine Control Three levels Hypothalamic stimulation—from CNS
Pituitary stimulation—from hypothalamic trophic hormones Endocrine gland stimulation—from pituitary trophic hormones

39 Negative Feedback Controls
Long-loop feedback Short-loop feedback Figure 7-14

40 Control Pathway for Cortisol Secretion
Figure 7-15

41 The Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System
Figure 7-16

42 A Complex Endocrine Pathway
PLAY Animation: Endocrine System: The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Figure 7-17

43 Hormone Interactions Synergism Permissiveness Antagonism
Multiple stimuli—more than additive Permissiveness Need second hormone to get full expression Antagonism Glucagons opposes insulin

44 Example of Synergism Figure 7-18

45 Endocrine Pathologies
Hypersecretion: excess hormone Tumors or cancer Grave’s disease—thyroxin Hyposecretion: deficient hormone Goiter—thyroxin Diabetes—insulin

46 Pineal Gland and Melatonin
Figure (1 of 3)

47 Pineal Gland and Melatonin
Figure 7-22 (2 of 3)

48 Pineal Gland and Melatonin
Figure 7-22 (3 of 3)

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