1. Chapter 1.7 Storing Fractions

2. Excess Notation, continued… In this notation, "m" indicates the total number of bits. For us (working with 8 bits), it would be excess 2^7. To represent a number (positive or negative) in excess 2^7, begin by taking the number in regular binary representation. Then add 2^7 (=128) to that number. For example, 7 would be 128 + 7=135, or 2^7+2^2+2^1+2^0, and, in binary,10000111. We would represent -7 as 128- 7=121, and, in binary, 01111001. Note: Unless you know which representation has been used, you cannot figure out the value of a number. A number in excess 2^(m-1) is the same as that number in two's complement with the leftmost bit flipped. http://www.math.grin.edu/~rebelsky/Courses/152/97F/Readings/student-binary.html#excess

3. Chapter 1.7 Storing Fractions

4. Chapter 1.7 Storing Fractions In contrast to the storage of integers, the storage of a value with a fractional part requires that we store not only the pattern of 0s and 1s representing its binary representation, but also the position of the radix point. A popular way of doing this is based on scientific notation and is called floating- point notation.

5. Floating-Point Notation Let us explain floating-point notation with an example using only one byte of storage. Although machines normally use much longer patterns, this eight-bit format is representative of actual systems and serves to demonstrate the important concepts without the clutter of long bit patterns.

6. Floating-Point Notation We first designate the high-order bit of the byte as the sign bit.  0 – nonnegative  1 – negative

7. Floating-Point Notation Next, we divide the remaining seven bits of the byte into two groups, or fields  Exponent field  Mantissa field

8. Floating-Point Notation Let us designate the three bits following the sign bit as the exponent field and the remaining four bits as the mantissa field.

9. Floating-Point Notation We can explain the meaning of the fields by considering the following example:  Suppose a byte contains the bit pattern 01101011

10. Floating-Point Notation Analyzing this pattern with the preceding format, we see that the sign bit is 0, the exponent is 110, and the mantissa is 1011.

11. Floating-Point Notation left side To decode the byte, we first extract the mantissa and place a radix point on its left side, obtaining .1011

12. Floating-Point Notation Next, we extract the contents of the exponent field and interpret it as an integer stored using the three-bit excess method.

13. Floating-Point Notation Thus the pattern in the exponent field in our example represents a positive 2  110 -> 2 excess notation.  Remember what the others are? 100 -> 0 etc

14. Floating-Point Notation The exponent field is +2 This tells us to move the radix in our solution to the RIGHT by two bits.  A positive exponent means to move the radix to the right  A negative exponent means to move the radix to the left

15. Floating-Point Notation So we have:.1011 10.11 What is it represent in decimal? 2 ¾ Remember fractions in binary?

16. Floating-Point Notation Review of fractions in binary:

17. Floating-Point Notation 10.11 The part at the left to the radix point is  10 The part at the right to the radix point is  11 10 -> 2 11 -> 1* ½ + 1* ¼ -> ¾ So the number altogether is 2 ¾

18. Floating-Point Notation Don’t forget the SIGN BIT In this example, it is 01101011 So, the sign bit is 0 It is nonnegative So, we can conclude that the byte 01101011 represents 2 ¾

19. Floating-Point Notation 1 byte -> 8 bits This need to be memorized

20. Floating-Point Notation Let’s do another example 10111100 First of all, we extract it Sign bit 1 Exponent011 Mantissa1100

21. Floating-Point Notation Mantissa.1100 Exponent 011 which means -1 move the radix to the left.01100 which represent 3/8 SIGN BIT1 which means negative

22. Floating-Point Notation The pattern 10111100 represents – 3/8 Some more examples

23. Floating-Point Notation To store a value using floating point notation. We reverse the process. For example, to encode 1(1/8)

24. Floating-Point Notation First we express it in binary notation and obtain: 1.001 Because it is positive, so the sign bit is 0 Now we can copy the bit pattern into the mantissa field from left to right, starting with the left most 1 in the binary representation. _ _ _ _ 1001

25. Floating-Point Notation _ _ _ _ 1001 Also we have the sign bit is 0 since it’s positive number, so we have 0 _ _ _ 1001 Since it is 1.001,.1001->1.001, the radix point moves to the right one bit. So, we need the 1 at the exponent field Which is 101

26. Floating-Point Notation So, we filled out all the fields at this point Number 1 1/8 is 0 101 1001

27. Floating-Point Notation Note, there is a subtle point you may have missed when filling in the mantissa field. The rule is to copy the bit pattern appearing in the binary representation from left to right, STARTING WITH THE LEFTMOST 1 Example, 3/8 is.011 in binary, in mantissa it will be1100 Instead of 0110

28. Floating-Point Notation This is because we fill in the mantissa field starting with the leftmost 1 that appears in the binary representation. This rule eliminates the possibility of multiple representations for the same value. This representation is said to be in normalized form.

29. Floating-Point Notation If we don’t normalize them, for the same number, there can be more than one representation. For example: 3/8 It can be 000111100 Or000000110 Etc.

30. Floating-Point Notation Truncation Error or Round-off Error

31. Floating-Point Notation

32. Homework #6 Page 60 Question 1 a,e 2 b,e 3 Due next Thursday. Remember to write your name and student ID on your homework.