2. ETHICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGY Dr Fenja Ziegler Lecture 4 | Social Psychology | C80FIP 1 Tired of looking at the stars, Professor Miller takes up social psychology

3. The Bystander Effect Lecture 4 | Social Psychology | C80FIP 2  Put volunteers in a situation where someone is in distress and needs help  Number of factors influence whether people help  How would you feel if you didn’t help?  Is it ethical to put you into this situation?

4. Landis’ Facial Expressions (1924) Lecture 4 | Social Psychology | C80FIP 3  Are facial expressions universal (e.g. shock, disgust)?  Paint people’s faces with lines and make them do stuff:  Smell ammonia  Watch porn  Hand in bucket of frogs  Decapitate rat (2/3 complied eventually). 1/3 Landis did himself  Nothing universal (but note obedience)

5. Monster Bully (1939) Lecture 4 | Social Psychology | C80FIP 4  Do children stutter innately, or do we make them stutter?  Take some orphaned children and split into two groups:  Criticise every mistake  Praise for speech  Effects on children?  Loss of self-worth  Enduring speech problems

6. Ethics and Morals - Issues Lecture 4 | Social Psychology | C80FIP 5  Ethics (professionals) → Morals (common standards)  Cost-benefit analysis  Animal experiments, developing nuclear/ chemical weapons, stem cells  Psychology:  Human and other animals (care and respect)  Socially sensitive (e.g. IQ testing)  Exploitation of results (e.g. stress factors)  Deception, consent, protection from harm

7. Deception Lecture 4 | Social Psychology | C80FIP 6  Full information on Research  Asch: full information → no research  All deception harmful?  Deception or distraction? (e.g. implicit learning)  acceptable  > important → > acceptable  ? alternatives → > acceptable

8. Ditching Deception? Lecture 4 | Social Psychology | C80FIP 7  Role playing  As real behaviour?  Still stressful?  Debriefing  Told purpose of experiment  Withdraw data  Leave as sane as on arrival  Does not justify unethical methods  Might not reduce distress

9. Informed Consent Lecture 4 | Social Psychology | C80FIP 8  Informed on:  What will be required  Purpose of research  Your rights (confidentiality, withdrawal, etc.)  Give consent  Children and learning impaired  Some experiments (incl. field experiments)  Retrospective; in public domain (e.g. Kitty Genovese bystanders)  Presumptive consent (from similar sample)  Prior general consent  Withhold data (damage done)  Participants (subjects)

10. Protection from Harm Lecture 4 | Social Psychology | C80FIP 9  Physical Harm:  e.g. anxiety (seizures, sweating, etc.)  Psychological Harm:  Psychological safety (of pp)  Confidentiality  Privacy (observing in public or private places)

11. Milgram’s study of Obedience Lecture 4 | Social Psychology | C80FIP 10  Milgram (1965) – Study of Authority: the way in which subjects are prepared to follow instructions to shock another subject  “study of memory” at Yale  SAE  Subject, Actor and Experimenter,

12. Stanford Prison Experiment Zimbardo, 1973 Lecture 4 | Social Psychology | C80FIP 11  Dispositional/ situational  Guards and prisoners  Power structure  Terminated  Behaviour change

13. Difficult Research Issues Lecture 4 | Social Psychology | C80FIP 12  Language  Violence  Stress  Personality  Drugs  Conformity  ???

14. Reading Lecture 4 | Social Psychology | C80FIP 13  Eysenck, M. (2005) Psychology for AS level, (3 rd ed.). Chapter 7, Section 19 All lecture slides on www.fenjaziegler.org

15. Would you take part in… Lecture 4 | Social Psychology | C80FIP 14 1. Research on brand recognition of commercial products 2. Research on product safety 3. Research in which you will be misled about the purpose until afterwards 4. Research involving group standards