3. Xenolog: Homologs resulting from horizontal gene transfer

4. Orthologous or paralogous homologs?
Early globin gene
Gene Duplication
-chain gene
ß-chain gene
mouse 
human 
cattle 
cattle ß
human ß
mouse ß
Orthologs ()
Orthologs (ß)
Paralogs (cattle)
Homologs
Orthologs – diverged only after speciation – tend to have similar function
Paralogs – diverged after gene duplication – some functional divergence occurs

5. True or False?
A1x is the ortholog in species x of A1y?
A1x is a paralog of A2x?
A1x is a paralog of A2y?

7. More genome, means more regulation!
~ 98.5% of the human genome is noncoding

8. PROKARYA, ARCHAEA, AND EUKARYA
Now that you know a little more about them. . .
Let’s do some comparative analysis this year in M2O!
Genome structure and diversity
Modes of replication or life cycles
Cell structures
Gene regulation
Metabolic processes
Ask yourself this question throughout the year:
. . . how do they differ and how are they similar?

9. HOW DO WE DO IT? BIOMOLECULES!! Sequences Genomic sequences
Evolutionary analyses
3D Structures
Nucleic acids
proteins
Function Studies
Genetic knockouts
Natural mutants
In vitro assays
Array data

11. LEARN TO USE THE INFORMATION THAT IS ALREADY OUT THERE!
But enough about sequence alignments! Letsmove on to talking more about evolutionary analyses in the way you probably think of – phylogenetic trees and inferring organism or gene relationships