1. Problem Solving What is AI way of solving problem?

2. 2 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Example CAR BREAK DOWN

3. 3 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Steps Analyze the problem Represent it Observe the present state Infer actions Solve to achieve the goal Development Phase Implementation Phase

4. 4 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Analyze Identify possible states Identify possible actions Identify possible goals States, Actions, and Goals relate through rules Generate Rules that govern the problem/or are helpful in searching the goal

5. 5 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Analyze: Car Break Down Possible States (that you can observe or measure): –Air fuel ratio –Temperature –Engine sound –Fuel Consumption

6. 6 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Analyze: Goals Reduction in Fuel Consumption High Pickup Low Coolant Temperature High Air-Conditioning Efficiency etc…

7. 7 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Analyze: Actions Change condenser Change carburetor Get wheel alignment Etc…

8. 8 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Analyze: Rules If the air fuel (A/F) ratio is not correct (state observed)THEN Carburetor needs adjustment (action identified)WHICH Will achieve correct A/F ratio (Goal to be achieved)

9. 9 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Represent Problem Convert the problem into a format that is understood by the computer system for automatic processing Numerous Techniques are available Propositional /Predicate Calculus (formal) Semantic / Conceptual Graphs (Graphical) Search Trees (Graph Theory) Rule Based/Expert Systems (Informal) Learning Methods (Statistical/Symbolic)

10. 10 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Represent: Example IF the A/F ratio > 1.5 THEN change carburetor IF coolant temperature > 250 c THEN change condenser MATLAB, Prolog, C++, Lisp As the course progresses we will study more of these representational techniques

11. 11 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Implementation Phase Observe: –Use sensors/stored information/user input to get the information about the present state within the problem domain. Infer: –Use above information to select appropriate actions that will lead to the goal. Achieve Goal: –Apply actions in sequence/parallel to achieve goal

12. 12 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Problem types Deterministic, fully observable Partial Deterministic and observable –Partial knowledge of states and actions

13. 13 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Problem types Deterministic, fully observable  single state problem –know exactly the present state; –solution is a sequence of known actions.

14. 14 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Problem types Partial knowledge of states and actions: Non-observable  sensorless or conformant problem May have no idea where one is; solution (if any) is a sequence. As if you are blind folded Nondeterministic and/or partially observable  contingency problem Percepts provide new information about current state solution is a tree or policy; often interleave search and execution. States, actions and Rules of the environment are known, but current state assessment is only possible after observation Unknown state space  exploration problem (“online”) –When states and actions of the environment are unknown.

15. 15 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais More Examples Path Finding 8 Puzzle Robot Assembly Primary FOCUS of discussion: How to Analyze a given problem?

16. 16 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Example: Romania

17. 17 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Example: Romania On holiday in Romania; currently in Arad –Flight leaves tomorrow from Bucharest Formulate goal –Be in Bucharest Formulate problem –States: various cities –Actions: drive between cities Find solution –Sequence of cities; e.g. Arad, Sibiu, Fagaras, Bucharest, … Identify Current State Identify Goal Analyze Solution

18. 18 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Example: vacuum world Goal: Clean all the rooms Current State: 5 Single state, start in #5. Solution?? Possible Actions

19. 19 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Example: vacuum world Single state, start in #5. Solution?? [Movement, clean action] [Right, Vacuum]

20. 20 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Example: vacuum world Single state start in #5. Solution?? [Right, Vacuum] Sensorless: start in {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} Solution?? Contingency: start in {1,3}. Solution??

21. 21 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Example: vacuum world States?? Initial state?? Actions?? Goal test?? Path cost??

22. 22 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Example: vacuum world States?? two locations with or without dirt: 2 x 2 2 =8 states. Initial state?? Any state can be initial Actions?? {Left, Right, Vacuum} Goal test?? Check whether squares are clean. Cost?? Number of actions to reach goal.

23. 23 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Example: 8-puzzle States?? Initial state?? Actions?? Goal test?? Path cost??

24. 24 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Example: 8-puzzle States?? Integer location of each tile Initial state?? Any state can be initial Actions?? {Left, Right, Up, Down} Goal test?? Check whether goal configuration is reached Cost?? Number of actions to reach goal

25. 25 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Example: 8-queens problem States?? Initial state?? Actions?? Goal test?? Cost??

26. 26 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Example: 8-queens problem Incremental formulation vs. complete-state formulation States?? Initial state?? Actions?? Goal test?? Cost??

27. 27 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Example: robot assembly States?? Initial state?? Actions?? Goal test?? Cost??

28. 28 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Example: robot assembly States?? Real-valued coordinates of robot joint angles; parts of the object to be assembled. Initial state?? Any arm position and object configuration. Actions?? Continuous motion of robot joints Goal test?? Complete assembly (without robot) Cost?? Time to execute

29. 29 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Summary Analyze: –States, Actions, Goals, Rules Represent: –Using any appropriate technique –Estimate the Cost factors (Time and Space Complexity) Implement: –Do actual coding/real world implementation –Validate and Test

30. 30 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Module 1 Representation

31. 31 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Representation To solve really hard problems, we'll have to use several different representations. This is because each particular kind of data structure has its own virtues and deficiencies, and none by itself would seem adequate for all the different functions involved with what we call common sense. - Marvin MinskyMarvin Minsky

32. 32 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Role of Representation (1) Knowledge representation is most fundamentally a surrogate, a substitute for the thing itself, that is used to enable an entity to determine consequences by thinking rather than acting, that is, by reasoning about the world rather than taking action in it.

33. 33 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais (2) It is a set of ontological commitments, An answer to the question, In what terms should I think about the world?

34. 34 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais (3) It is a fragmentary theory of intelligent reasoning expressed in terms of three components: (1)the representation’s fundamental conception of intelligent reasoning, (2)the set of inferences that the representation sanctions, and (3) the set of inferences that it recommends.

35. 35 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais (4) It is a medium for pragmatically efficient computation, The computational environment in which thinking is accomplished. One contribution to this pragmatic efficiency is supplied by the guidance that a representation provides for organizing information to facilitate making the recommended inferences.

36. 36 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais (5) It is a medium of human expression, A language in which we say things about the world.

37. 37 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Important Lessons All representations are imperfect, and any imperfection can be a source of error. The choice of appropriate vocabulary and the degree of formality depends, in turn, on the basic conception of intelligent behavior

38. 38 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Summary Fundamental task of representation is describing the natural world … Randall Davis, Howard Shrobe, and Peter Szolovits. AI Magazine 14(1): Spring 1993, 17-33.AI Magazine 14(1) Read this before coming to the next class ( Placed in CS531AI/Readings)

39. 39 Problem Solving CS 531 Dr M M Awais Methods Propositional Logic Predicate Logic Graphs Conceptual Graphs Conceptual Lattice Rule based Connectionist