1. Acid Mine Drainage

2. Terms Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) –Water that is polluted from contact with mining activity Acid Rock Drainage (ARD) –Natural rock drainage that is acidic Both produce acidic waters How to distinguish?

3. Characteristics Increased acidity = decreased pH Increased metal concentrations Increased sulfate Increased suspended solids All four don’t necessarily occur at the same time

4. Stream Effects Colored waters: “Yellow boy” –Iron oxides, basically rusting the stream floor White –Aluminum Black –Manganese Determined by shifts in pH

5. Shift in Mining Techniques “Old school” –Abandoned mines –Tailings/waste rock piles –ARD “New School” –Cyanide heap leach mining

6. AMD Chemistry Pyrite weathering pyrite water + air low pH + metals

7. AMD Chemistry 4FeS 2 + 14 H 2 O + 15 O 2 → 4Fe(OH) 3 + 8 SO 4 2- + 16 H + Iron oxide Overall acid producing

8. AMD Chemistry Surface area –more surface area, faster rate –smaller grains, more surface area

9. Extent of Problem Colorado –20,000+ mines –1,300 miles of streams Montana –20,000+ mines –1,000 miles of streams Arizona –80,000+ mines –200 miles of streams

10. Treatment Active v. Passive Active – physical addition of alkalinity to raise pH –High cost –effective Passive –Naturally available energy sources –Little maintaince –Driven by volume

11. Passive Treatment

12. Active Treatment Typical treatment processes (“ODAS”) -oxidation -dosing with alkali -sedimentation

13. Active Treatment Iron Mountain, California

14. “New School” Cyanide Heap Leach –Extract gold from low grade ore –Ore crushed, placed in open air leach pads –Cyanide sprayed on top –Leaches gold as migrates through ore –Solution drained, gold recovered –Pretty huh?

16. Summitville Mine Rio Grande Headwaters Elevation 12,800’ Snowfall: 7-11 m/ year Population: 700 112 stamping machines Abandoned in early 1900s –Gold prices fell, diminishing returns, weather issues

17. Summitville 1984 –Application for mining permit 1985 –Large scale open pit gold mine –Cyanide leaching 1986 –Construction. Problems. –HDPE liner ripped during placement, but not fixed.

18. Summitville 1987-1991: Heap Leach Pad –73 acres –One pile >190’ –No outlet for water, only lost through ET –Snowfall underestimated, ET overestimated Now What?

19. Summitville 1987-1991 cont –Permit to discharge excess water. Limits in concentrations –Could not meet limits –Fish kills downstream for 17 miles in Alamosa River

20. Summitville 1992 –EPA assumes control, $20,000,000 to ‘fix’ –Heap leach pad near overflow, discharging 3,000 gallons/minute through leaks –200 million gallons of cyanide laced water –Not last till spring snowmelt

21. Costs To date: $185 million –Annually: $1.5 million Taxpayers foot bill Mine owner cost: $3 million bond

22. SUMMARY 4 characteristics of AMD Pyrite weathering (Fool’s gold) source of acidity in many AMD problems “Old School” and “New School” mining Cyanide heap leach technology Summitville example