1. Bell Work
Imagine you have been hired to oversee the maintenance of a forest.
How would you evaluate the health of the forest?
What actions would you take to keep the forest healthy?
What might be a threat to the health of the forest?

2. Today’s Schedule 5 minutes Bell Work 10 minutes Review 30 minutes
Primary Succession
Mini-break
Secondary Succession
5 minutes
Succession Video
Exit Ticket

3. Predation Niche Biotic Factor Biological Community Commensalism
Review
Predation
Niche
Biological Community
Biotic Factor
Commensalism
Ecology
Abiotic Factor
Food web
Biome
Food web
Ecosystem
Population
omnivore
Symbiosis
Biosphere
Habitat
Mutualism

4. Ecological Succession
In 1988 large areas of Yellowstone Park burned to the ground.
How do you think the park looked the following spring?

5. Ecological Succession
The “dead” forest began to change
New plant growth began

6. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
Ecosystems tend to change with time until a stable system is formed.
The stable system that will form depends on climatic limitations.

7. Ecological Succession
The replacement of one community by another until a stable stage is reached is called ecological succession.

8. Climax Community
The final stage of succession is called the climax community.
The climax community in New York State is an oak-hickory forest or a maple-beech forest.

9. Succession Gradual development of a community of organisms over time
Takes place in all communities
Takes place over time

10. Succession occurs BECAUSE
Each community changes the conditions so that they are more favorable to other organisms that replace them.
For example, some types of trees need a lot of sun and their saplings cannot grow under the shade of their own species.
They will be replaced by the types of trees whose saplings can grow in shade of other trees.

11. Primary Succession
Primary succession occurs where there was no previous community, such as on bare rock or sand.
Primary succession begins with pioneer organisms.

12. Pioneer Organisms
Pioneer organisms can tolerate extreme conditions: hot and cold; dry and wet.
Moss, dune grass, and lichens are pioneer organisms.

13. Lichens
Lichens are algae and fungus growing together in a mutualistic relationship. Algae make the food; fungus anchor and capture water.

14. Pioneer organisms
Soil is produced over hundreds of years by pioneer organisms.
These organisms break apart rock, add humus as they die and decompose, and hold water
This allows other organisms to grow there.

15. Primary Succession Example: volcanic eruption
There is no soil in this area, usually just bare rock

16. Steps in Primary Succession
After an volcanic eruption, lava covers the land and hardens into rock

17. Primary Succession 2. Lichens begin to form on rocks
Acids from the lichens begin to break down the rock
These pieces of broken rock and the remains of dead lichens start forming soil
3. Pioneer species appear- first organisms to grow in a succession
example-lichens

18. Primary Succession 3. After many years
The soil is deep enough for mosses to grow
Mosses replace lichens
Tiny organisms like insects live the in the lichens and mosses
Their remains add to the soil

19. Primary Succession 4. After hundreds or even thousand of years
The soil may be deep enough to support a forest
The final stage of succession is the climax community

20. Primary Succession

22. Secondary Succession
Changes that takes place after an environment is disrupted in some way (the soil must remain intact)
Disruption may be
from fire, farming,
wind, foresting

23. Secondary Succession
The community begins again where the former community was disrupted.
Soil is already present.

24. Steps of Secondary Succession
1. fast growing grasses and non-woody plants appear

25. Secondary Succession
2. Larger shrubs move in

26. Secondary Succession 3. Fast growing trees (such as pines) move in
4. These are followed by slower-growing hardwood trees

27. Secondary Succession 5. animals begin moving back in the ecosystem
Succession ends with a climax community

28. Secondary Succession

30. Exit Ticket 2