1. TITLES FOR FLAPS OCTOBER 21, 2014
TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
ELEMENTS
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS

2. TYPES OF COMPOUNDS COMPOUND- WHEN TWO OR MORE
ELEMENTS COMBINE CHEMICALLY.
THE SMALLEST UNIT OF ANY COMPOUND
IS CALLED A MOLECULE.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS DO CONTAIN
CARBON
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS DO
NOT CONTAIN OXYGEN

3. ELEMENTS AN ELEMENT IS ANY SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO
SIMPLER SUBSTANCES.
THE SMALLEST UNIT OF AN
ELEMNT IS CALLED AN ATOM.
EXAMPLES: CARBON, HYDROGEN,
OXYGEN AND SULFUR

4. CARBOHYDRATES CARBOHYDRATES: FUNCTION IS TO
STORE AND PRODUCE ENERGY AND
TO MAKE UP SOME CELL PARTS
CONSIST OF CARBON, HYDROGEN
AND OXYGEN
EXAMPLES ARE SUGARS AND
STARCHES

5. LIPIDS LIPIDS: FUNCTION: CELLS USE SOME
OF THE ENERGY CONTAINED IN LIPIDS
AND STORE SOME ENERGY IN LIPIDS
FOR LATER USE.
CONSIST OF CARBON, HYDROGEN
AND OXYGEN
EXAMPLES ARE FATS, OILS, AND WAXES

6. PROTEINS FORM PARTS OF THE CELL MEMBRANES AND ORGANELLES,
PROTEINS MOLECULES ARE MADE UP
OF SMALLER MOLECUSLES CALLED AMINO ACIDS.
ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP PROTEINS ARE
CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN,
AND SOMETIMES SULFUR
EXAMPLE OF ARE ENZYMES WHICH SPEED
UP ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS NECESSARY
FOR LIFE PROCESSES.

7. NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS CONTAIN INSTRUCTIONS THAT CELLS NEED TO CARRY OUT ALL THE FUNCTIONS OF LIFE.
ELEMENTS: CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS
TYPES:
DNA ( DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) –IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL THAT CARRIES INFORMATION ABOUT AN ORGANISM AND IS PASSED FROM PARENT TO OFFSPRING. FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS.
RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID)-IT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEINS. FOUND IN THE CYTOPLASM AND NUCLEUS.

8. TITLES FOR FLAPS ON FOLDABLE FOR OCTOBER 20, 2014
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
EIGHT LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION
DOMAINS
KINGDOMS
TYPE OF CELLS
KIND OF CELLS

9. Common Characteristics of all Living Things
1. One or more cells
2. Grow and develop
3. Have genetic material
4. Reproduce: Sexually or Asexually
5. Use energy
6. Respond to their environment

10. Eight Levels of Classification
1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species

11. Domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

12. KINGDOMS
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Animals
Plants
Fungi

13. TPYES OF CELLS
Prokaryote-no nucleus
Eukaryote- has a nucleus

14. Kinds of Cells Plant Animal Fungi
Bacteria (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)
Protista

15. NOTES FROM OCTOBER , 2014

16. Why Scientists Classify Organisms?
Answering Questions: The classification of living things makes it easier for biologist to answer many important questions such as:
1. How many known species are there?
2. What are the defining characteristics of each species?
3. What are the relationships between these species?

17. How do Scientists Classify Organisms?
Classification Today Taxonomists use the eight-level system to classify living things based on shared characteristics.
Branching Diagrams On a branching diagram, several characteristics are listed along the line that points to the right. Each characteristic is shared by the animals to the right of it.

18. Branching Diagrams

19. Scientific Names
One Species, One Name A scientific name is always the same for a specific kind of organism no matter how many common names there might be.
Two-Part Names The first part of a species name is the genus name. The first letter of the genus is always capitalized. The second part of the name is the species name and it is always lower case.

20. Dichotomous Keys
What Is a Dichotomous Key? A dichotomous key is an identification aid that uses sequential pairs of descriptive statements.
Two-Part Names By working through the statements in a dichotomous key in order, a person can eventually identify an unknown organism.

22. How are Organisms Classified?
What Is Used to Classify Organisms? Organisms are classified by their characteristics.
Adding New Classification Categories As scientists continue to learn about living things, they add classification categories that account for the characteristics of different organisms.

23. Three Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
*Organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type, their ability to make food, and the number of cells in their body

24. CELL ORGANELLES AND FUNCTIONS
SEE NOTES FOR OCTOBER 23 TEST ( ATTACHED WORD DOCOMENT)

25. Objectives
1. Explain how viruses are similar to and different from living things.
2. List the four major virus shapes.
3. Describe the two kinds of viral reproduction.

26. Viruses Viruses are tiny. They are smaller than the
smallest bacteria. About 5 billion virus particles
could fit in a single drop of blood.

27. Are Viruses Living
A virus is a microscopic particle that gets inside a cell and often destroys the cell.
Like living things, viruses contain protein and genetic material. But viruses don’t act like living things. They can’t eat, grow, break down food, or use oxygen.

28. Are Viruses Living Contain genetic material
Living Thing
Contain genetic material
Do grow and develop
Only reproduces inside a host
Does not use energy
Does not sense and respond to change in its environment.
Does not have cells
Cannot function on its own; needs a host
Contain DNA (genetic material)
Grow and develop
Reproduces
Uses energy
Does sense and respond to change in its environment.
Has 1 or more cells
Can function on its own (organism)

29. Classifying Viruses Viruses can be grouped by: Shape Type of Disease
Life Cycle
Genetic Material

30. Four Main Shapes
Crystals
Cylinders
Spheres
Spacecraft

32. Kinds of Viral Reproduction
Lytic Cycle- Viruses attack living cells and turn them into virus factories.

33. Kinds of Viral Reproduction

34. Kinds of Viral Reproduction
Lysogenic Cycle- Each new cell gets a copy of the virus’s genes when the host cell divides. The genes stay inactive for long time. When the genes do become active, they begin the lytic cycle and make copies of the virus.

35. Treating a Virus
Antibiotics do not kill viruses, but scientists have recently developed antiviral medications that stop viruses from reproducing. Because many viral diseases do not have cures, it is best to prevent a viral infection from happening in the first place. Vaccinations give your immune system a head start in fighting off viruses.

36. KEY CONCEPTS CHAPTER 3, SECTION 1
 WHAT ARE ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS?
A(n) element is any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Its smallest unit is the atom
When two or more elements combine chemically, they form a compound.
HOW IS WATER IMPORTANT TO THE FUNCTION OF THE CELLS?
Most chemical reactions within cells could not take place without water; water also helps cells retain their size and shape and helps stabilize temperature.
WHAT ARE THE MAIN KINDS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES IN LIVING THINGS?
CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE IMPORTANT GROUPS OF ORGANIS COMPOUNDS IN LIVING THINGS.

37. KEY CONCEPTS CHAPTER 3, SECTION 2
HOW IS OSMOSIS RELATED TO DIFFUSION?
DIFFUSION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH SMALL MOLECULES MOVE FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION; OSMOSIS IS THE DIFFUSION OF WATER MOLECULES THROUGH A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE.
HOW DO MOST SMALL MOLECULES CROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE?
SMALL MOLECULES CROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE BY DIFFUSION
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PASSIVE AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES CELLULAR ENERGY TO MOVE MOLECULES WHILE PASSIVE TRANSPORT DOES NOT.
WHAT ARE THE TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT?
DIFFUSION AND OSOMOSIS
WHEN WOULD ACTIVE TRANSPORT BE USED?
WHEN A CELL NEEDS TO TAKE IN A SUBSTANCE THAT IS IN A HIGHER CONCENTRATION INSIDE THE CELL THAN OUTSIDE.

38. KEY CONCEPTS CHAPTER 3, SECTION 2
WHY IS OSMOSIS IMPORTANT TO CELLS? 
CELL CANNOT FUNCTION PROPERLY WITHOUT ADEQUATE WATER. SO OSMOSIS WATER MOLECULES ARE DIFFUSED THROUGH THE SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE.
WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE CELL MEMBRANE?
THE CELL MEMBRANE IS SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE, WHICH MEANS THAT SOME SUBSTANCES CAN PASS THROUGH THE MEMBRANE WHILE OTHERS CANNOT.
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORTS?
Endocytosis -cells ingest substances.
Exocytosis- processes of releasing contents of the cell to the external environment