1. The Skeletal System Part II

2. Bone Development Slide 5.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Osteogenesis (ossification) = the process of bone tissue formation  In embryos this leads to the formation of the bony skeleton  In children and young adults, ossification occurs as part of bone growth  In adults, it occurs as part of bone remodeling and bone repair

3. Changes in the Human Skeleton Slide 5.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage  During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone  Cartilage remains in isolated areas  Bridge of the nose  Parts of ribs  Joints

4. Bone Growth Slide 5.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood  New cartilage is continuously formed  Older cartilage becomes ossified  Cartilage is broken down  Bone replaces cartilage

5. Bone Growth Slide 5.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops  Bones change shape somewhat  Bones grow in width

6. Long Bone Formation and Growth Slide 5.14a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.4a

7. Long Bone Formation and Growth Slide 5.14b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.4b

8. Types of Bone Cells Slide 5.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Osteocytes  Mature bone cells  Osteoblasts  Bone-forming cells  Osteoclasts  Bone-destroying cells  Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium  Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

9. Bone Remodeling and Modeling http://youtu.be/0dV1Bwe2v6c

10. Bone Fractures Slide 5.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  A break in a bone  Types of bone fractures  Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin  Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin  Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization  Realignment of the bone

11. Bone Fractures

12. Common Types of Fractures

13. Compression Fractures

14. Depression Fracture

15. Compacted Fracture

16. Spiral Fracture

17. Greenstick Fracture

18. Repair of Bone Fractures Slide 5.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed  Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus  Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus  Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

19. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Slide 5.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.5

20. Anatomy of a Fracture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5HwYWSh Bhw&list=UUDCWgYMRqAQL8uqghy328-ghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5HwYWSh Bhw&list=UUDCWgYMRqAQL8uqghy328-g