1. Section 4-2 “Structures and Functions of Protists”
Euglena
Structure of the Euglena

2. Lesson Objectives
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to: I.) Describe the cellular structures and functions of the Paramecium. II.) Describe the cellular structures and functions of the Amoeba. III.) Describe the cellular structures and functions of the Euglena. IV.) Describe the cellular structures and functions of the Volvox.

3. Lesson Questions
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to answer the questions: I.) What are the cellular structures and functions of the Paramecium. II.) What are the cellular structures and functions of the Amoeba. III.) What are the cellular structures and functions of the Euglena. IV.) What are the cellular structures and functions of the Volvox.

4. PARAMECIUM & AMOEBA Animal Like Protists: PARAMECIUM & AMOEBA
a.) Protists that are classified as animal-like are called protozoans and share some common traits with animals.  All animal-like protists are heterotrophs.  Likewise, all animal-like protists are able to move in their environment in order to find their food.  Unlike, animals, however, animal-like protists are all unicellular.
b.) Animal-like protists are divided into four basic groups based on how they move and live.
Amoeba
Paramecium
Giardia

5. I.) What are the structures and functions of the Paramecium?
Animal Like Protists: PARAMECIUM
- These protists move by beating tiny hair-like structures called cilia. The cilia act as tiny oars that allows the protist to move through its watery environment (check it out).  The cilia also help the protists capture food.

6. I.) What are the structures and functions of the Paramecium?
Paramecium: There are several structures and functions within the Paramecium:
I.) Cilia -hair like appendages that help the paramecium move food into the oral groove.
II.) Cytoplasm - intercellular fluid needed to contain vital cell parts.
“Cyto” meaning CELL
“Plasm” meaning BLOOD
III.) Contractile Vacuole: contracts and forces extra water out of the cell.
IV.) Food Vacuole - storage pocket for food.
V.) Macronucleus - larger nucleus which performs normal cell functions.
IV.) Micronucleus - smaller nucleus which is responsible for cell division.

7. II.) What are the structures and functions of the amoeba?
Animal Like Protists: Amoeba
- These protists move by extending their bodies forward and then pulling the rest of their bodies forward as well (check it out).  The finger-like structures that they project forward are called pseudopods.  The pseudopods are also used to trap food.

8. II.) What are the structures and functions of the Amoeba?
Amoeba - There are several structures and functions of the amoeba:
I.) Pseudopod - Pseudopodium means ‘false foot’. The amoeba move by stretching its cytoplasm into finger like extensions called pseudopodia.
II.) Contractile Vacuole - The contractile vacuole removes excess water to the outside from time to time (osmoregulation) so that the amoeba does not burst. Because the concentration of solutes in the cytoplasm is greater than that in the surrounding fresh water, the water tends to enter the cytoplasm by osmosis via the partially permeable cell membrane. 
III.) Nucleus - A large, disk-shaped nucleus found in the cell controls the growth and reproduction of the amoeba.  Amoeba reproduce through binary fission where the nucleus copies its genetic material and the cytoplasm splits into two new daughter cells, each identical to the original parent.
IV.) Cytoplasm - Cytoplasm is the living substance which contains all the chemical reactions necessary for life.
V.) Food Vacuoles - Microscopic organisms are taken into the cytoplasm with a drop of water forming a temporary vacuole. These organisms are then digested and then exits through a structure called a food vacuole.
VI.) Cell membrane: The cell membrane is flexible and porous. It allows the amoeba to change shape. The amoeba "breathes" using this membrane. It also controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cytoplasm

9. EUGLENA & VOLVOX
Plant Like Protists: EUGLENA & VOLVOX a.) Plant-like protists are autotrophic. b.) They can live in soil, on the bark of trees, in fresh water, and in salt water. c.) These protists are very important to the Earth because they produce a lot of oxygen, and most living things need oxygen to survive. Furthermore, these plant-like protists form the base of aquatic food chains. d.) These plant-like protists can be unicellular, multicellular, or live in colonies. The plant-like protists are divided into four basic groups: euglenoids, dinoflagellates, diatoms, and algae.
Euglena
Volvox

10. III.) What are the structures and functions of the Euglena?
Plant Like Protists: EUGLENA
- Autotrophs when sunny
- Heterotrophs when dark
- Unicellular
- Found mostly in fresh water
- Some have flagellum

11. III.) What are the structures and functions of the Euglena?
Euglena – there are several different structures and functions of the euglena!
I.) Flagellum- A long, mobile filament that the Euglena uses to propel itself in its environment.
II.) Reservoir- The part used for storage of nutrients.
III.) Stigma- A light sensitive-spot that allows the Euglena to detect light, so that it may move towards it in order to conduct photosynthesis.
IV.) Chloroplast- Organelle that allows the organism to conduct photosynthesis.
V.) Contractile Vacuole- Expels excess water into the reservoir, or else the cell would burst.
VI.) Pellicle- Stiff membrane made of proteins and somewhat flexible, can also be used for locomotion when crunching up and down or wriggling.
VII.) Nucleus- The central organelle which contains DNA and controls the cell's activity, contained within the Nucleolus

12. IV.) What are the structures and functions of the Volvox?
Plant Like Protists: Volvox - Are green in color - Mostly unicellular, but some form colonies, and a few are multicellular - Live in fresh water, salt water, and a few live on land - It exists as a grand spherical colony. Each little alga within the colony bears two flagella, whip-like hairs. The individual alga are connected to each other by thin strands of cytoplasm that enable the whole colony to swim in a coordinated fashion. The individual alga also have small red eye spot.

13. Review:
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to answer the questions:
I.) What are the cellular structures and functions of the Paramecium.
II.) What are the cellular structures and functions of the Amoeba.
III.) What are the cellular structures and functions of the Euglena.
IV.) What are the cellular structures and functions of the Volvox.