2. 2  An instruction or group of instructions need to be repeated several times.  2 types of iteration: 1.You do not know how many times you will need to perform the instructions  Instructions contain words like while and until.  In Java these could be “while” loop or “do-while” loop 2.You do know how many times you need to perform the instructions.  Instructions contain words like for, each and every  In Java these could be coded using the “for” loop

3. 3  We don't know how many times we may have to add milk to get the perfect cuppa.  Java code syntax: 3. Add milk to cup 3.1. While drink is dark in colour 3.1.1. Add a splash of milk 3.1.2. Stir once with the spoon 3.2 Remove spoon from cup 4. Add sugar while (expression) { statement(s) } This expression must always have a value either True or False.

4. int i = 0; while (i < 5) { System.out.println("i is: " + i); } What does this output? i is: 0 i is:... How can we fix this problem?

5. int i = 0; while (i < 5) { System.out.println("i is: " + i); i++; } The output will be: i is: 0 i is: 1 i is: 2 i is: 3 i is: 4 Why does it not output the number 5?

6. Specification: Design and develop a Java program to accept as input: - ◦ A person’s name, ◦ Percentage result for three tests. Then output the name and the total of the three percentages. Sample solution. We need to accept input four items of data, then check that data looks valid, and finally do some arithmetic before the final output.

7. 1. Get unknown data. 1.1 get name. 1.2 get first percentage. 1.3 get second percentage. 1.4 get third percentage. 2. Processing. 2.1 while first percentage is less than zero or greater than 100 2.2 get first percentage 2.3 end while. 2.4 while second percentage is less than zero or greater than 100 2.5 get second percentage 2.6 end while. 2.7 while third percentage...

8. //1. Get unknown data. //1.1 get name. //1.2 get first percentage. //1.3 get second percentage. //1.4 get third percentage. //2. Processing. //2.1 while first percentage is less than zero or greater than 100 //2.2 get first percentage //2.3 end while.... //2.10 add together the three percentages //3. Output. //3.1 Output the total.

9. //1. Get unknown data. //1.1 get name. String name = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "enter name"); //1.2 get first percentage. int first = Integer.parseInt (JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "enter first percentage")); //1.3 get second percentage. int second = Integer.parseInt (JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "enter second percentage")); //1.4 get third percentage. int third = Integer.parseInt (JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "enter third percentage")); int total = 0;

10. //2. Processing. //2.1 while first percentage is less than zero or greater than 100 while (first 100) { //2.2 get first percentage first = Integer.parseInt (JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "incorrect: enter first percentage")); //2.3 end while. }... //2.10 add together the three percentages total = first + second + third; //3. Output. //3.1 Output the total. System.out.println("For " + name + " The total is " + total");

11. String name = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "enter name"); int first, second, third; do { first = Integer.parseInt (JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "enter first percentage")); } while (first 100); do { second = Integer.parseInt (JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "enter second percentage")); } while (second 100); do { third = Integer.parseInt (JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "enter second percentage")); } while (third 100); int total = 0; total = first + second + third. System.out.println("For " + name + " The total is " + total").

12. 12  Use this when we know how many times.  Before we start chopping we do know how many times we want to chop each carrot.  For loop syntax 3. Process vegetables 3.1. Select 4 juicy carrots 3.2. Chop carrots 3.2.1. For each carrot 3.2.1.1 Cut the carrot lengthways 3.2.1.2 Cut the carrot widthways 3.3 Add carrots to pan for (initialisation; termination; increment) { statement(s) }

13. for (initialisation;termination;increment) { statement(s) } for (int i=0; i<5; i++) { System.out.println ("i is :" + i); } The output will be: i is: 0 i is: 1 i is: 2 i is: 3 i is: 4

14. 1.Towards the centre of the puzzle there is a cage that requires two numbers that add up to seven. 2.Design and code a solution that prints out all the permutations of two numbers that add up to seven. 3.Hint: you can use two nested for loops.

15. The hint is to use two nested for loops. 2. Process – find pairs of numbers that add up to 7. 2.1 Loop 6 times for first number 2.2 Loop 6 times for second number 2.3 If 1 st number plus 2 nd number equals 7 2.4 Output the two numbers 2.5 End if. 2.6 End Loop 2.7 End Loop

16. //2. Process – find pairs of numbers that add up to 7. // 2.1 Loop 6 times for first number

17.  An array is a structure that holds multiple values of the same type. ◦ Allows us to use one variable name to access multiple items of data.  The length of an array (the number of items it contains) is established when the array is created (at runtime).  After creation, an array is a fixed-length structure. ◦ Called a static data structure

18. import javax.swing.JOptionPane; public class inputAndReverse { public static void main (String args []) { int [] x = new int[4]; // create array size 4 int i; String inputNr; // ask for a number using size of array for the exit condition // increment the control variable by 1 each time for(i=0; i<x.length; i++){ inputNr =JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,"Enter number"); x[i] = Integer.parseInt(inputNr); } // print a number using size of array for the initial value // reduce the control variable by 1 each time i-- // this means it will go through the array in reverse // from the last element of the array to the first element for(i=x.length-1; i>=0; i--){ System.out.println(x[i]); // the result is printing the input in reverse sequence } This [i] tells Java which array element to use

19.  Arrays can be used with any of the primitive types char [] c = {'j','a','v','a',' ','i','s',' ', 'n','i','c','e'}; double [] values = new double[3]; values[0] = 3.1; values[1] = 3.2; values[2] = 7.5; String [] months = {"Jan", "Feb", "Mar"…"Dec"};

20.  Multi-dimension arrays are declared and used just like the 1D arrays we have used before. int [] [] values = {{5, 6}, {7, 9}, {4, 2}}; int [] [] values = new int [3][2]; values[0][0] = 5; values[0][1] = 6; values[1][0] = 7; values[1][1] = 9; values[2][0] = 4; values[2][1] = 2; 3 rows and 2 columns More dimensions could be added by using more indices i.e. more [n] 56 79 42 012012 0 1 values[2][0]

21. public class TimesTable { public static void main (String args []) { int [] [] table; // create table with 13 rows and 13 columns table = new int[13][13]; for(int row=0; row < table.length; row++) { for(int col=0; col<table[0].length; col++) { table[row][col] = row * col; } // end for col } // end for row } // end main } // end class table is a two-dimensional array. The [row] [col] tells Java which array element to use Jeliot will not run programs that contain a two-dimensional array.

22. public class TimesTable { public static void main (String args []) { int [] [] table; int row, col; // create table table = new int[13][13]; for(row=0; row<13; row++) { for(col=0; col<13; col++) { table[row][col] = row * col; } // end for col } // end for row // print table for(row=0; row<13; row++) { for(col=0; col<13; col++) { System.out.print(table[row][col]); } // end for col System.out.println(); } // end for row } // end main } // end class Note the similarity between the nested loops used to: - a)calculate the table and b)to print it out.

23. Specification. Design and code a program to use a two dimensional array to hold data for 10 student results. The information will be entered at run time. There may be fewer than 10 but no more than 10 students. For each student the data must be: - 1.Seven digit student number, 2.The result for six modules as a percentage, 3.The overall percentage average. The overall average must be calculated after the six module results have been entered.

24. Valid data: 1. 1234567, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 2. 9876543, 100, 90, 80, 30, 10, 0 Invalid data: 1. 1234, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 2. 9876543, 101, 90, 80, 70, 30, 20 3. 1234567, 100, 90, 80, 70, 30, -1

25. 1. Get unknown data. 1.1 get the number of students to be processed. 1.2 create an array to hold student’s number and six percentage results for each student. 1.3 loop once for each student 1.4 get student number 1.5 loop six times 1.6 get module result 1.7 end loop 1.8 end loop

26. //1. Get unknown data and declare variables. //1.1 get the number of students to be processed. int nrStud= Integer.parseInt (JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,"Nr of students")); //1.2 create an array to hold student’s number and six percentage results for each student. int [] [] studArray = new int[nrStud][7]; //1.3 loop once for each student for(int row=0; row<studArray.length; row++){ //1.4 get student number studArray [row] [0] = Integer.parseInt (JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,"Student number")); //1.5 loop six times for(int col=1; col<=6; col++){ //1.6 get module result studArray [row] [col] = Integer.parseInt (JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,"enter result "+col)); //1.7 end loop } //1.8 end loop }

27.  Workshop 11a and Workshop 11b.  Next week Tuesday and Thursday will be two more examples of how to develop a Java program from a specification.