1. Akhenaten: Evaluation Legacy

2. Anything handed down by an ancestor or predecessor, a consequence. Can be physical or tangible traces a person leaves behind. For example… Can be non-physical or intangible traces a person leaves behind. For example… Can be viewed in the short(…) and long term (…).

3. King’s List 18 th Dynasty: 1570-1293 Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten 1350-1334 Smenkhare 1336-1334 Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun 1334-1325 Ay 1325-1321 Horemheb 1321-1293 19 th Dynasty: 1293-1185 (Ramesside Era) Ramesses I 1293-1291 Seti I 1291-1279 Ramesses II 1279-1212 Merneptah 1212-1202 Amenmesse 1202-1199 Seti II 1199-1193 Ramesses/Merneptah-Siptah 1193-1187 Tawosret (Queen) 1193-1185

4. Historical Legacy: Return to Orthodoxy Immediately following Akhenaten’s death; Court returned to Memphis. Traditional cults reinstated. Tutankhaten and Ankhsenpa’aten changed their names and moved to Thebes. Tut’s ‘Restoration Stela’ and Horemheb’s ‘Coronation Edict’ speak of it as a time when ‘the land was in confusion, the gods forsook the land…’ Tut unlikely to have reinstated Amun, most likely Ay or Horemheb. Later 18 th Dynasty Pharaohs may have discredited the Amarna period as a way of propaganda.

5. Historical Legacy: The Religious Legacy Akhetaten was still inhabited for many years. Aten cult not abolished but tolerated. Aten objects found in Tut’s tomb eg. Golden Throne.

6. Historical Legacy: Horemheb Rejects Atenism Began the systematic destruction of Akhenaten’s monuments. Restored all traditional cults. Hymns show Aten as a deity but not a dominant cult. Martin: cult of Osiris became more important after being excluded from death rites in the Amarna period.

7. Historical Legacy: The Ramesside Reaction Continued the destruction of monuments and annihilation of Akhetaten. City used as a quarry for Hermopolis. Amun restored as chief god and greater emphasis placed on other gods. Temples dedicated to multiple gods, Seti I’s at Abydos dedicated to seven gods. Deliberate policy to avoid concentrating power on one cult. Akhenaten removed from new King’s Lists.

8. Cultural Legacy: Art and Architecture Freed: art retained some Amarna Style, women and children depicted with Amarna tummy. Window of Appearances built into palace of Ramesses III.

9. Cultural Legacy: Funerary Practices Daily life scenes in tombs replaced with religious themes – possible anxiety over Akhenaten. Increased interest in Osiris, who had been neglected by Akhenaten. New ‘Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld’ found in Tut’s tomb.

10. Cultural Legacy: Literature Harper’s songs about the enjoyment of the present and the uncertainty of the future, became a new genre. Language changed to make the written word closer to the spoken tongue.

11. Cultural Legacy: Religion Amun was restored but never regained his previous high status. Became god of the common man. Religion was now characterized by what it did want (the Amarna experiment) Growth in personal piety (having a one on one relationship with a god such as Shed the Saviour) Aten remained a god in the short term. Temples later reassigned to other gods. Assmann: Mosaic Distinction (other peoples gods are wrong) developed a negative attitude to foreigners and other religions. Thebes remained a religious capital and the Valley of the Kings the royal burial place till the end of the 20 th Dynasty.

12. Discussion Questions Answer the 5 ‘For Discussion’ questions on page 232 of Antiquity 2.