1. IDEF3 Process Modeling

2. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development2 Importance of Process u It is not the products, but the processes that create products, bring companies long-term success. u Process: Ordered sequence of events. u Business Process: Ordered sequence events involving people, materials, energy, and equipment that is designed to achieve a defined business outcome.

3. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development3 Motivation for Process Modeling “Underlying the operations of every company-- working like its spine-- is its Value Delivery System. A company’s performance is the direct result of how effectively this system is structured and managed.” — George Stalk, Jr. & Thomas M. Hout From BPR Literature

4. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development4 What is a Process Model? “Simply put, the Process Model is the way that the work is divided in a value delivery system.” — James B. Swartz u A representation of a process and its related components presented in a time-dependent fashion. u It also represents the decision logic that exists within the system.

5. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development5 Benefits of Process Modeling u Document current processes for standardization. u Provide guidelines for new process members to reduce the learning curve. u Capture and analyze AS-IS processes. u Design / redesign process for TO-BE scenarios. u Test the design of a new process before committing to an expensive development project.

6. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development6 What is IDEF3? u The Process Description Capture Method. u The Object State Transition Description Method. u Supports descriptions at any desired level of detail through Decompositions. u Employs the concepts of Scenarios to simplify the structure of complex process flow descriptions. u Supports the capture of multiple viewpoints.

7. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development7 Flow ChartingProcess Modeling Conveys process logic in an ambiguous manner Does not provide information about the objects in a process Conveys process logic with unambiguous syntax Can capture varying levels of abstraction from multiple viewpoints Embellishes the process with objects and simulation data Varying levels of abstraction cannot be captured Flow Charting vs. Process Modeling

8. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development8 A Generic Process Modeling Tool... u Automates the IDEF3 method. u Complies with the method standards. u Provides background quality checking and advisory support. u Utilizes SmartDraw capability.

9. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development9 IDEF3 Overview u Section 1:Basic Elements of the Process Diagram u Section 2:Documenting the Process Flow u Section 3:Enhancing the Process Description

10. Basic Elements of the Process Diagram Processes Links Junctions

11. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development11 FunctionActionProcess ActivityAct Operation EventScenarioDecision Procedure Represented by Verb-based Label Node #IDEF Ref # Processes

12. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development12 Links u Purpose u Describe temporal, logical, conventional, or natural constraints between processes u Types of Links u Simple Precedence u Object Flow u Relation

13. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development13 You have to turn on the computer before you can login. Precedence Link u Express simple temporal precedence between instances of one process type and another. u Each instance of the source process will complete before the paired instance of the destination process can begin. 1 2 Turn on computer Login

14. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development14 There is an object (Part) that is common to both processes. Paint Part 1 2 Dry Part Object Flow Link u Indicates the participation of an object in two process instances. u Has the same temporal semantics as a precedence link. u Lack of an Object Flow link does not preclude the existence of an object participation between two processes.

15. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development15 Commonly used relational (dashed) link relations: BeforeMeetsStartsTriggers DuringOverlapsCauses AfterFinishesEnables (a) 11 2 2 Relational Link Activity B 2 Activity A 1

16. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development16 2 Fan-in junction 4 3 5 6 1 Fan-out junction J1 J2 Junctions u IDEF3 junctions show convergence or divergence of multiple process flows and their timing.

17. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development17 Asynchronous And — All preceding (or following) actions must complete (or start). & & Synchronous And — All preceding (or following) actions must complete (or start) simultaneously. Asynchronous Or — One or more of the preceding (or following) will complete (or start). Synchronous Or — One or more of the preceding (or following) will complete (or start) simultaneously. O O X Exclusive Or — Exactly one of the preceding (or following) will complete (or start). Junctions

18. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development18 Receive purchase requisition Approve request 9.1 Deny request Partially approve Rework purchase request 7/1 Goto/Receive purchase requisition Enter into computer Place the order Assign a P.O.# 15.1 Fill P.O. X J4 & J7 & J8 7.1 8.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 10.1 Junctions Example

19. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development19 Taxonomy of Junctions Junctions Fan-inFan-out XOR (X)AND (&)OR (O) Synchronous Asynchronous X & O & O

20. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development20 Junction Type Meaning All succeeding process paths will eventually start, and all processes on each path will eventually happen. All succeeding process paths will start together, and all processes on each path will eventually happen. One or more of the following process paths will eventually start, and all of the processes on these paths will happen. There will be a synchronized initiation of one or more process paths. Exactly one of the following process paths will be initiated, and only the processes on that path will happen. — Asynchronous “AND” — Synchronous “AND” — Asynchronous “OR” — Synchronous “OR” — “XOR” O X O & & Junction Semantics Fan-out (Divergence)

21. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development21 Junction TypeMeaning All preceding processes must complete. All preceding processes will complete simultaneously. One or more of the preceding processes will complete. One or more of the preceding processes will complete simultaneously. Exactly one of the preceding processes will complete. — Asynchronous “AND” — Synchronous “AND” — Asynchronous “OR” — Synchronous “OR” — “XOR” O X O & & Fan-in (Convergence) Junction Semantics

22. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development22 Process Function Process Activity Operation Action Event Junctions Links Asynchronous Synchronous Precedence Link Relational Link Object Flow Link Verb-based label Process # IDEF Ref # Junction type Junction type Review

23. Documenting the Process Flow Process Elaboration Objects Referents Other Documentation

24. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development24 Process Elaboration Elaboration Form Process Label: Process Reference Number: Objects: Facts: Constraints: Description: Process Label Process #

25. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development25 Elaboration Documentation Refers To Each UOB has an elaboration form that provides the defining characterization of the real-world process Elaboration Form UOB Name Objects Facts Constraints Description

26. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development26 Object TypesInstances of Object Types u Entity u Location u Resource u Queue u Transport u Paint/Part u Paint Booth u Operator u Part Queue u Conveyor Paint Part Objects Linked to a Process

27. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development27 Referents u Referents draw the reader’s attention to an important point or note. u Referents are often used to: u Point to other model elements without showing an explicit process flow. u Indicate a “Go-To” location in complex process flows. u Specify constraints on junctions. u Provide links to Object State Transition Networks.

28. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development28... simply point the reader to some other aspect of the model that needs to be considered. & 1 2 3 4 5 J1 J2 & Object: Pur. Req. Scenario / Ordering Contracted parts Object / Contracted Parts Receive request for purchase Prepare and dispatch purchase order Negotiate price with vendor Receive request for purchase Identify Supplier Referents

29. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development29 Other Documentation Glossary u Textual descriptions of the process elements. Sources u Source material used in the construction of the process description. Notes u Annotations resulting from the model review process.

30. Enhancing the Process Descriptions Scenario Scenario Objectives Decompositions Object State Transmission Networks

31. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development31 Scenarios u Scenarios are the organizing structure for IDEF3 descriptions. u A scenario represents a commonly occurring situation. u Business events that we are specifically planning for. u e.g., “core” or “primary” process under investigation. u Different views can be different scenarios. u A base scenario is always needed.

32. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development32 “Painting a part in the company paint shop.” Paint part 1 2 3 X Dry part Test coverage Go-To/ Paint part 1/1 4 Route to next stop Paint Shop Example

33. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development33 Scenario Objectives u Viewpoint u Determines what can be seen and from what perspective. u Purpose u Establishes the goal of the communication intended by the description. u Defines why the description is being developed, and specifies how it will be used. u Context u Establishes the subject of a description. u Establishes the subject as a part of a larger whole. u Creates a boundary within the environment.

34. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development34 Syntactically, a decomposition is just another IDEF3 process flow diagram. Decomposition u Purpose u Decreases complexity of a diagram. u Enables the capture of descriptions at varying levels of abstraction. u Provides the ability to model the same process from different knowledge sources or different points of view.

35. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development35 Decomposition Decompositions allow you to break the process into pieces which are stand- alone processes.

36. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development36 Decomposition u Types u Objective view: Multiple view decompositions may be consolidated into an objective view--the view perceived by a neutral observer. There can be only one objective view. u Role view: The view of a process as understood by, or from the perspective of, one individual, role type, or functional organization. There may be more than one role view of a process.

37. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development37 Top-level Scenario: AS-IS Order Process Customer Places Order 1.1 Supplier Processes Order 2.1 Del. Svc. Transports Materials 3.1 Customer Rec./Dis. Materials 4.1 Purchase Order Example

38. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development38 Decomposition: Customer Places Order 5.1 Sys. Cross Ref. Part # w/Order Details 6.17.1 Open Channel/Send File to Target Printer 8.1 Operator Enters Item Description System Generates Pick Ticket File Customer Places Order 1.1 Supplier Processes Order 2.1 Del. Svc. Transports Materials 3.1 Customer Rec./Dis. Materials 4.1 Purchase Order Example

39. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development39 Numbering 7 Receive purchase requisition 8.1 Approve request 9 Deny request 11 Approve partially X J4 Give for approval 8 Complete proposal Prepare proposal Evaluate request 8.1.44 8.1.458.1. 468.1.47

40. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development40 Analyzing Objects & Object States u Objects and their related processes can be studied in an object-centered view by using the Object State Transition Network (OSTN).

41. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development41 Object State Transition Arc Referents Object State Label AsynchronousSynchronousReferent Locator Referent Type/ID Locator Referent Type/ID The IDEF3 OSTN Language

42. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development42 The IDEF3 OSTN Language Transition Arcs Object State Entry Conditions State Description Exit Conditions In the Object State Elaboration

43. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development43 u Allows construction of an object-centered view u Summarizes allowable transitions of an object in the domain u Used to document data life cycles u Cuts across the process flow diagrams u Characterizes dynamic behavior of objects UOB Referent Object State II Object State IV Object State III Object State I Scenario Referent OSTN Referent OSTN Diagram

44. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development44 Scenario Referent UOB Dry part 2 Solid paint on part Paint covered by new layer UOB/Test coverage 3 UOB/Test coverage 3 1 Liquid paint in machine Paint covered by polish Paint Shop Scenario: Paint OSTN (Focus Object: Paint)

45. IDEF3 Models Reading Building

46. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development46 Reading IDEF3 Models u Study the context, purpose, and viewpoint to understand the scope of the model. u Read process flow diagrams from left to right, starting with the leftmost process(es). u Reading a diagram in this manner is called “performing a walkthrough.” u Examine carefully the description and elaboration form of each element.

47. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development47 IDEF3 Model Development Process u Establish and refine CV&P - validate u Collect information and artifacts - validate u Identify candidate Scenarios - validate u Identify candidate UOBs - validate u Specify elaboration per UOB - validate u Construct process flow diagrams - validate u Develop OSTN diagram for flow objects - validate u Refine from OSTN to Flow model - validate u Apply results - validate u Maintain

48. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development48 Establish and refine CV&P u What are the boundaries u What is in and out u Essentially define the top level scenario u What is visible and what is not u What are the completion criteria u What decisions need to be made u Won’t get it right the first time u Will refine during the course of doing the model

49. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development49 Collect Information and Artifacts u Identify sources and expert reviewers u Identify stakeholders u Interview u All relevant levels in the organization u Listen carefully u Take detailed notes u Collect as much as you can u Organize the collected material u Go through the Author-Reader-Review cycle

50. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development50 The Author-Reader-Review Cycle Kit Kit with Reviewer Comments Kit with Comments and Author Response Model Author Library Coordinator Expert Reviewer 1. 2. 3. The team: source experts reviewers modelers method/modeling experts team and project managers librarian/model coordinator

51. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development51 Identify candidate objects u Pick out object references u Name coining is a key activity u Definite descriptors need to be converted to names u Use nouns or noun phrases u Organize the lists u By kind u By part-of relations u Validate with reviewer cycle

52. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development52 Group Objects into Hierarchies u Solidify name references u Harmonize terminology u Construct new names for the super-kinds or compositions u May guide modeler in identification of missing functions u Validate with experts

53. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development53 Define UOB elaboration u Associate objects with UOB u Identify roles that objects play relative to a UOB u flow entity [operated upon] u resource objects [affects flow entities or each other] u information object [may be a kind of resource] u Identify facts: observed relations between objects u Identify constraints: relations that must hold for this UOB to occur u Check object association on the next level of detail u Check object relevance on the same level

54. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development54 Construct Diagrams u Build what diagrams you can from the composition relationships u Look for inconsistent or incomplete statements u Analyze to find the key missing relations u Complete the story as best as you can from the source material u Validate with experts

55. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development55 Refine upwards and downwards u Arrange diagrams in hierarchy u Check consistency of interfaces u Is the boundary clearly defined? u Refine upwards u Do the leaf nodes contain information required to address the modeling purpose? u Refine downwards u Validate with experts

56. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development56 Building IDEF3 Models u Do not follow an XOR fan-out junction with an AND fan- in junction. u Avoid multiple leftmost processes in a diagram: their interpretation is ambiguous. u Use a fan-out junction preceding the multiple leftmost processes to clarify the process flow. u When possible, avoid nested fan-out junctions to simplify diagrams. u A fan-out junction immediately following a fan-in junction can indicate a missing process in the diagram. Some practical guidelines—

57. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development57 Conclusion u IDEF3 documents current processes for standardization and provides guidelines for new process members to reduce the learning curve. u IDEF3 provides a mechanism to capture the temporal sequence of a process, the decision logic effecting the process, and the state transitions of objects within the process. u IDEF3 serves as a tool to analyze existing processes and design and test new processes before committing to expensive changes.

58. IDEF0 vs. IDEF3

59. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development59 When To Do IDEFØ Before IDEF3 u When definite precedence or flow logic does not appear in the description u When the interviewee tells you what she does, not how she does it u When there are no clear separations between the activities being described u When policy rather than procedure is being described

60. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development60 When To Do IDEF3 Before IDEFØ u When the descriptions are very procedural or detailed in nature u Where logical or precedence sequences form a major portion of the acquired description u When the domain expert describes the timing and/or logic of a process u When the domain expert focuses on objects and their flow or participation in the environment

61. P RO S IM Windows

62. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development62 Window Types P RO S IM provides three window types in which to view process models and one for viewing object states. Each window provides a different perspective on the model. u Process Flow Nodelist Window u Process Diagram Window u Process/Object Matrix Window u Object State Transition Network (OSTN) Window

63. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development63 Process Flow Nodelist Window The Process Flow Nodelist Window shows the entire hierarchy of scenarios in the active project, also indicating the decomposition diagrams within each scenario and the processes in each diagram.

64. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development64 Process Flow Nodelist Window Drag and drop elements in the nodelist u to copy a scenario u to create a new decomposition u to move the contents of one diagram to another u to rearrange processes

65. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development65 Process Diagram Window The Process Diagram Window shows individual models using the standard IDEF3 graphic display. It provides a process- centered perspective of the system being modeled.

66. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development66 Process/Object Matrix Window The P/O Matrix Window shows all the processes in the model and all objects associated with those processes. The matrix cells indicate associations between processes and objects. Cells also show each object’s simulation type.

67. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development67 OSTN Window The OSTN Window illustrates graphically how objects change during a process flow.

68. Presenting the Model

69. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development69 External Customer Presentation Features u In Custom Display mode, you can replace elements with custom bitmaps and control the color of the elements.

70. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development70 External Customer Presentation Features u In Presentation Display mode, you can drag elements into specific Swim Lanes represented by different color-codes.

71. Importing & Exporting Models

72. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development72 Model Management P RO S IM ’s import and export capabilities allow you to exchange and convert between different IDEF model types. u Importing—Import models from other KBSI tools as well as text files you create. u Exporting—Export an entire project or a single model.

73. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development73 Importing Activity Models When P RO S IM imports activity models, P RO S IM partially reconstructs the imported models. Elements are placed into the pools where you can begin distributing them to models in your project. u Activities—converted to processes and placed into the Process Pool. u Concepts—converted to objects and placed into the Object Pool. u Inputs > Entities u Outputs > Entities u Controls > Logicals u Mechanisms > Resources

74. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development74 Exporting u Entire projects u Individual diagrams u Pools u Simulation models

75. Simulation Modeling in P RO S IM

76. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development76 What is Simulation? u Process models represent process-centered views of the modeled system and incorporate logical assumptions about how the system works. u In simulation models, this process-centered view becomes an object-centered view, allowing the modeler to numerically evaluate the performance of the model at discrete points of time.

77. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development77 Process times and resource rules are a function of processes and determine the amount of time required for a process to complete and how resources are used in a single activation. These data map to WITNESS as cycle time and labor. You can also define the cost of resources and entity changes that occur in the process. Processes & Simulation

78. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development78 Simulation information for objects represents how the object participates in the process. For entities, you can define: u How the entity arrives in the process u The number of entities arriving u The inter-arrival time of entity batches Objects & Simulation

79. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development79 Simulation information for junctions represents how junctions produce or combine entities (AND junctions) or how junctions route entities through the process flow (XOR junctions). For XOR junctions, you can define how the junction logically passes entities to the next element in the process flow. When you select a logic type, you can then detail the type for the junction occurrence. Junctions & Simulation

80. Exporting a PROSIM Simulation Model into WITNESS u STEPS: u Complete validation of P RO S IM Simulation Model. u Generate Simulation Model Code. u Remember where you saved your file. u Access Simulation Model File through the WITNESS “Read Commands” option under the “File” Menu.

81. Running a Simulation Model Several options are available for running a Simulation Model: (1) Click on “Run” and again on “Run” to run the Simulation Model. There are other options available for stopping the model (Stop) and for returning the model to the start point (Begin). You can also use the ICONs at the bottom left portion of the WITNESS Screen. (2) Click on this ICON to run the Simulation Model. (3) Click on this ICON to stop the Simulation Model. (4) Click on this ICON to “rewind” the model (return it to the start point). (1) (2) (3) (4)

82. Process Modeling to Project Planning

83. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development83 P ROJECT L INK allows you to translate your process models into a scheduling chart format and to create process models from existing schedules. Export a *.txt file from P RO S IM Import an *.mpx file into your project management software Save your work in an *.mpx format Import a *.txt file into P RO S IM P RO S IM & P ROJECT L INK

84. DelenMSIS 5653 - Advanced Systems Development84 Assignment #2 u Develop a IDEF3 process model of a system of your choice. u Make sure to l Define Context, Purpose, and Viewpoint l Include at least 2 Levels of Decompositions l Use at least two different types of junctions (XOR, OR, AND) l Use at least two referents l Use ProSim to generate and print the diagrams. If you wish, you may also use other drawing tools (Visio, PowerPoint drawing tools, etc.) u Assignments should be typed, and should have a cover page including your name, date, and assignment number.