1. 37-1 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Chapter 37: Fungi

2. 37-2 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Kingdom Fungi Yeasts, truffles, mushrooms, rusts, moulds Characteristics –eukaryotic –heterotrophic –filamentous –chitin in cell walls

3. 37-3 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Classification Phyla with sexual and asexual reproduction –Chytridiomycota –Zygomycota –Ascomycota –Basidiomycota Phylum with asexual reproduction only –Deuteromycota Lichens –Mycophycota (fungus + photosynthetic organism)

4. Fig. 37.2: phylogeny of the major groups of fungi 37-4 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University

5. 37-5 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Relatives of animals Closest relatives of kingdom Animalia –both groups share choanoflagellate ancestor Fungi have –chitin in cell walls –haploid nuclei in non-sexual (vegetative) cells Animals have –no chitin in cell membranes –diploid nuclei in non-sexual (somatic) cells

6. 37-6 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Fungal nuclei Cells haploid and multinucleate Multinucleate vegetative cells –homokaryon (nuclei identical) –heterokaryon (nuclei different)  fusion of hyphae  mutation during mitosis Nuclear fusion delayed –sometimes never occurs –cell contains two haploid nuclei  dikaryon

7. 37-7 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Structure of fungi Filamentous hyphae (sing. hypha) –fine tubes –cell wall enclosing cytoplasm and organelles –elongate and branch at tips where wall is still elastic –septa usually incomplete Mycelium (body) of fungus –mass of hyphae

8. 37-8 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Specialised hyphae Structure, reproduction and feeding Rhizomorphs –rope-like tangles of hyphae (example: Armillaria) Sclerotia –resistant resting bodies Spores produced on –sporangiophore or conidiophore –stroma (hyphal mat) –fruiting body of meshed hyphae (mushroom, toadstool)

9. Fig. 37.5b: Hyphal tip growth and absorption of nutrients 37-9 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University

10. 37-10 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Specialised hyphae (cont.) Saprophytic fungi –rhizoids anchor hyphae and absorb nutrients Parasitic fungi –appressoria adhere to and then dissolve host cell wall –haustoria absorb nutrients from host cells

11. 37-11 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Fungal nutrition Fungi digest nearly any form of organic carbon Heterotrophic –use glucose as source of carbon Saprophytic –decomposers –release enzymes onto substrate –absorb nutrients Parasitic –highly specialised

12. 37-12 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Fungi are found in a wide range of environments Xerotolerant –break down storage compounds or cellulose to produce water –proteins (hydrophobins) prevent desiccation Thermophilic species –grow at 30 0 to 50 0 C Psychrophilic species –grow at –5 0 to 5 0 C

13. 37-13 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Fungal reproduction Reproduce by spores –one or more cells in a spore Changes in environmental conditions trigger sporulation –spore formation and release Sexual spores –one type in each species Asexual spores –up to four types in each species

14. 37-14 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Chytridiomycota Chytrids, water moulds Saprophytes, some pathogens –plants, frogs Characteristics –single cell or chains of cells –anucleate root-like rhizoids or multinucleate hyphae –asexual motile zoospores –sexual gametes

15. 37-15 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Fig. 37.15: Life cycle of a chytrid Copyright © J W Deacon 1979, Modern Mycology, 3rd edn, Blackwell Science

16. 37-16 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Zygomycota Zygomycetes, moulds, mycorrhizae Characteristics –multinucleate haploid hyphae –asexual sporangiospores –sexual zygospores

17. 37-17 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Fig. 37.16: Life cycle of Zygomycota 37.15a copyright © Professor David Guest, University of Melbourne; 37.15b copyright © Gilbert Bompeix, Laboratoire Biochimie et Pathologie Végétale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; 37.15c copyright © Gilbert Bompeix, Laboratoire Biochimie et Pathologie Végétale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; 37.15d copyright © Grant Heilman Photography, Inc. www.grantheilman.com

18. 37-18 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Ascomycota Ascomycetes, yeasts –> 60 000 species Characteristics –heterokaryon hyphae –pored septa –asexual conidia –sexual ascospores

19. 37-19 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Fig. 37.17: Life cycle of Ascomycota 37.16b copyright © C O’Brien; 37.16c,d copyright © Gilbert Bompeix, Laboratoire Biochimie et Pathologie Végétale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris

20. 37-20 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Basidiomycota Mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts –> 25 000 described species Characteristics –dikaryon hyphae –septa with complex pores and clamp connections –asexual conidia –sexual basidiospores

21. Question 1: Fungi are virtually the only organism capable of breaking down: a)Cellulose b)Lignin c)Oil d)Chitin e)Starch 37-21 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University

22. Fig. 37.18: Life cycle of Basidiomycota 37-22 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University

23. 37-23 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Deuteromycota Fungi imperfecti –about 25 000 species Polyphyletic group –includes species from unrelated evolutionary lineages Characteristics –asexual reproduction only (anamorph) –classified informally using form of conidiospores –includes species for which the sexual form (teleomorph) is still unknown

24. 37-24 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Fungal mutualisms Fungi form interdependent relationships with other organisms –usually photosynthetic organisms  cyanobacteria  alga  land plants Lichens Mycorrhizae

25. 37-25 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Lichens Classified as phylum Mycophycota –ecological group –about 18 000 species Fungus + photosynthetic organism –ascomycete (rarely basidiomycete) –cyanobacterium or green alga Partnership –fungus provides water and minerals –photosynthetic organism provides sugars

26. Fig. 37.22: Foliose lichen 37-26 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University

27. 37-27 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Lichen reproduction Fragmentation Soredia –algal cells in fungal hyphae –reproduce independently –alga or cyanobacterium reproduces asexually –fungus reproduces sexually –if conditions are right, new lichen forms

28. 37-28 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Mycorrhizae Provide nutrients to host plants –enable plants to grow in low-nutrient soils Arbuscular mycorrhizae –zygomycetes infecting about 85 per cent of land plant species Ectomycorrhizae –basidiomycetes (+ some others) infecting about 15 per cent of land plant species Orchid mycorrhizae Epacrid mycorrhizae

29. 37-29 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Fig. 37.23a and b: Ectomycorrhizae (a) A network of ectomycorrhizal hyphae under the leaf litter on a forest floor (b) An ectomycorrhizal plant root has a more stunted appearance than uninfected roots (cont.)

30. 37-30 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Fig. 37.23: Ectomycorrhizae (cont.) (c) Surface view of the network of fungal hyphae around a plant root (d) Transverse section of a mycorrhizal root showing the Hartig net Copyright © Biological Photo Service

31. 37-31 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Ectomycorrhizae Specific associations Fungus encloses plant root in mycelium sheath Net of mycelium between epidermal cells of root –Hartig net –increased surface area for nutrient transfer

32. 37-32 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University Fungi and humans Fungi have a significant impact on humans –food and alcohol  yeast, mushrooms, cheeses –toxins and medicinal drugs  ergots –diseases of animals  pathogenic fungi, allergens –diseases of plants  dieback –biological control of weeds  rusts –industrial mycology  food acids, antibiotics

33. Fig. 37.25: The hallucinogenic mushroom 37-33 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University

34. Fig. 37.26: Trichophyton rubrum (ringworm) 37-34 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University

35. Summary Fungi are eukaryotes that utilise sexual and asexual reproduction methods Fungi absorb food by secreting enzymes that digest food externally They are either saprophytes or parasites Fungi, as biodegraders, mutualists, pathogens and contaminants, form interdependent relationships with other organisms 37-35 Copyright  2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint slides to accompany Biology: An Australian focus 4e by Knox, Ladiges, Evans and Saint Slides prepared by Karen Burke da Silva, Flinders University