1. Chapter 17
The Road to War 1

2. 1. What foreign policy did the US follow after World War I?
Isolationism- a withdrawal from foreign affairs during the 20’s and 30’s
The U.S. Government did not want to get involved in another World War.
Did NOT join the League of Nations, Permanent Court of International Justice, or World Court 2

3. 2. What were the major postwar peace initiatives?
Disarmament- reduce the size of a country’s military
Washington Conference: organized by Charles Evans Hughes
He proposed the 5 Power Naval Treaty
Ordered countries to retire some of their warships to equal out naval strength. 3

4. The Allies owed the U.S. over $10 billion.
3. How did war debts and reparations affect European nations after World War I?
The Allies owed the U.S. over $10 billion.
Britain, France, and Italy wanted their debts canceled
Germany owed $32 billion
Dawes Plan: gave Germany more time to pay reparations, also provided more loans 4

5. 4. What role did the U.S. play in Nicaraguan politics?
1926, Marines were sent to protect American interests
Henry Stimson negotiated a peace treaty to end Nicaragua’s civil war
1933, Hoover withdrew all troops because of the high costs 5

6. 5. How did U.S. relations with Latin America change in the 1930s?
Coolidge, Hoover, and Roosevelt all tried to improve Latin America relations
FDR and the “Good Neighbor Policy”
The U.S. invested in banana, coffee, and sugar plantations. “United Food Company”
Mexico nationalized their oil fields, this strained relations with the U.S. and Britain 6

7. 6. How did the Great Depression affect Latin American countries?
Crop prices went down (bananas, coffee)
It created a huge gap between rich and poor
Caudillos- military leaders who used force to maintain order 7

8. The Rise of Militarism
Chapter 17 – Section 3
Page 512 8

9. What you need to know…
How did Mussolini create a fascist state in Italy?
Explain Stalin’s power in the Soviet Union.
Explain Hitler’s rise to power in Germany.
Causes of the Spanish Civil War.
Actions of Japan’s military during the 1930’s. 9

10. The publishers of a new children’s encyclopaedia have asked young people to define what the term ‘democracy’ means today. With your partner discuss a short definition of this word.
Everybody has the right to vote.
Voters can choose between different candidates and parties.
Governments are elected (in Britain every 5 years).
Everyone has to follow the laws passed by Parliament (rule of law)
Basic freedoms, e.g. the right to demonstrate or write freely in the press are guaranteed.
No one is arrested or put on trial without evidence or a proper court case (due process)
Write your answer on Page 3 in packet. 10

11. What is a Dictatorship ???? Education and the media
(newspapers, radio, film
etc) are strictly controlled
by the Government
One person - the
‘Dictator’ -
holds all of the
power in the country
So no elections are held
because the Dictator does
not allow people to
choose who they want to
run their country
Anyone who is considered to
be an enemy of the Dictator
and his political party would
be persecuted
Only one political party
is allowed to exist - the
Dictator is the leader of this
party, and the party helps
him to run the country
Dictators rely upon a
large, strong and loyal
army to help them to
maintain their power
What is a Dictatorship
???? 11

12. What is the difference between a democracy and a dictatorship?12

13. Fascist Party – 1921 Why ?? #1 - Benito Mussolini - ITALY
Military dominated government
Blackshirts
Italian king appointed Mussolini prime minister and granted him dictatorial powers!!
Why ?? 13

14. #1 – Why did Italy become a fascist state?
High unemployment
Fascists beat Communists
Widespread opposition to Socialists and Communists
Play
Video
2:26 minutes 14

15. #2 – Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union
After Lenin’s death in 1924 –
Stalin emerged as the nation’s leader.
Created a TOTALITARIAN STATE
Government controls COMPLETELY
Sent 15 Million to later camps by 1933
Stalin felt he could loose control, so he purged all perceived enemies from Communist Party and the Red Army.
Approx. 30 Million died as a result of policies. 15

16. #3 – Adolf Hitler – GERMANY Play Video Mein Kampf
(9:09 Min)
Mein Kampf
(My Struggle) won supporters
Electoral success by Nazi Party led to Hitler becoming chancelor in 1933.
Third Reich (Third Empire)
- - Nazi government 16

17. #4 Francisco Franco - SPAIN
Loyalists vs. Fascists
#4 Francisco Franco - SPAIN
Causes of Civil War
A constitution was created that limited military
power and reformed universal suffrage,
nationalized public utilities and gave land to peasants.
Military men were threatened by this and Franco led them.
Franco fascists tried to overthrow the government.
Germans and Italians helped Franco take over
Soviet Union allied with loyalists
Popular Front – Americans and others against fascism 17

18. #5 – Japan’s Military
1920’s – Military grew and did not want to rely on foreign imports, wanted to reduce western influence and expand in Eastern Asia
and the Pacific.
1931 – Invaded Manchuria
1934/1935 –
Began a naval build-up
1937 – Went to war with China
and occupied northern China.
Hideki Tojo
Japanese
Prime Minister 18

19. NAME THAT FAVORITE DICTATOR...
Write down:
a) The name of the Dictator.
b) The name of the country that the Dictator is from.
- For the following slides (after Charlie Chaplin!). 19

20. 1
Mao 20

21. 2
Stalin 21

22. 3
Hitler 22

23. 4
Hussein 23

24. 5
Castro 24

25. 6
Lenin 25

26. 7
Mussolini 26

27. War!!!
Chapter 17 – Section 4
Page 518 27

28. What you need to know… Response to Fascism Early events of WWII
Why tensions between U.S. and Germany increased
Reasons Japan bombed Pearl Harbor 28

29. Axis Allies It was the Allies vs. the Axis Powers… (major powers)
Great Britain
Germany
Russia
Italy
United States
Japan
France
(note: France surrendered to Germany in 1940 (after 6 weeks of fighting) 29 29

30. Choose one of the following pictures and write a caption for it on Page 4 in your packet.30

31. #1 The Response To Fascism European nations speed up rearmament
U.S. Congress passes neutrality laws.
European nations speed up rearmament #1
The Response
To Fascism
European leaders adopt a policy of appeasement
Soviets and U.S. mend fences
Appeasement – giving in to demands in order to avoid conflict 31

32. #2 – Events of WWII –Pg. 5 Pkt.
Sept.1 - Germany invades Poland (official start to the war)
Sept. 3 -Britain & France declare war on Germany
Dec. 7 – Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the War
Aug. 23 –Nonaggression Pact signed
May –Germany carried on Blitzkrieg against France & other European nations
Germany created Vichy govm’t in France
Roosevelt aided Britain with war materials
August –Hitler bombed Britain
US involvement
1939
1940
1941 32

33. Non-Aggression Pact – Surprising!!!
Stalin
Hitler
Non-Aggression Pact – Surprising!!!
Hitler and Stalin were seen as natural enemies.
When Hitler talked of taking over new land for Germany, many thought that he meant Russia.
Hitler also hated Communism (Russia’s government) 33

34. #3 - U.S. vs. Germany Increase in U.S. aid to the Allies
German submarine attacks
Roosevelt’s “shoot-on-sight” order 34

35. So What Was Hitler Asking For?
Return of German Speaking Lands - “Lebensraum”
Austria - Peacefully Annexed in 1938
German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939 35 35

36. So What Was Hitler Asking For?
Sudentenland - (now part of Czech Republic)
Munich Conference - Great Britain & France give to Hitler in return for peace
Hitler then invades the rest of Czechoslovakia
German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939 36 36

37. So What Was Hitler Asking For?
Nonaggression Pact Russia stays out of the war in return for 1/2 of Poland
Great Britain & France finally declare war on Germany
Hitler's triumphal entry into Danzig, Poland 1939 37 37

38. How Did Hitler Make War? Blitzkrieg “Lightning War” 1939
Hitler invades:
Denmark
Norway
The Netherlands,
France
Hitler in Paris 38 38

39. US Assistance Roosevelt provided aid to the Allies: Lend-Lease - 1941
US “lent” war materials to cash-strapped Great Britain
Atlantic Charter
US secretly meets with England to commit to defeating Germany
London Firefighter Tackles an Air Raid Blaze 39 39

40. #4 – Reason Japan bombed U.S.
Meanwhile … in the Pacific …
#4 – Reason Japan bombed U.S.
Japan continuing expansion in China
Japanese assets in U.S. frozen & an embargo on Japan
What?
Surprise attack by the Japanese on American forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Effect?
USS Arizona Sinking in Pearl Harbor
US declares war on Japan & other Axis powers
Pearl Harbor: “a date which will live in infamy” 40

41. War!!!
Chapter 17 – Section 4
Page 518 41

42. What you need to know… Response to Fascism Early events of WWII
Why tensions between U.S. and Germany increased
Reasons Japan bombed Pearl Harbor 42

43. Allies Axis It was the Allies vs. the Axis Powers… (major powers)
Great Britain
Germany
Russia
Italy
United States
Japan
France
(note: France surrendered to Germany in 1940 (after 6 weeks of fighting) 43 43

44. Choose one of the following pictures and write a caption for it on Page 4 in your packet.44

45. #1 The Response To Fascism European nations speed up rearmament
U.S. Congress passes neutrality laws.
European nations speed up rearmament #1
The Response
To Fascism
European leaders adopt a policy of appeasement
Soviets and U.S. mend fences
Appeasement – giving in to demands in order to avoid conflict 45

46. #2 – Events of WWII –Pg. 5 Pkt.
Sept.1 - Germany invades Poland (official start to the war)
Sept. 3 -Britain & France declare war on Germany
Dec. 7 – Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the War
Aug. 23 –Nonaggression Pact signed
May –Germany carried on Blitzkrieg against France & other European nations
Germany created Vichy govm’t in France
Roosevelt aided Britain with war materials
August –Hitler bombed Britain
US involvement
1939
1940
1941 46

47. Non-Aggression Pact – Surprising!!!
Stalin
Hitler
Non-Aggression Pact – Surprising!!!
Hitler and Stalin were seen as natural enemies.
When Hitler talked of taking over new land for Germany, many thought that he meant Russia.
Hitler also hated Communism (Russia’s government) 47

48. #3 - U.S. vs. Germany Increase in U.S. aid to the Allies
German submarine attacks
Roosevelt’s “shoot-on-sight” order 48

49. So What Was Hitler Asking For?
Return of German Speaking Lands - “Lebensraum”
Austria - Peacefully Annexed in 1938
German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939 49 49

50. So What Was Hitler Asking For?
Sudentenland - (now part of Czech Republic)
Munich Conference - Great Britain & France give to Hitler in return for peace
Hitler then invades the rest of Czechoslovakia
German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939 50 50

51. So What Was Hitler Asking For?
Nonaggression Pact Russia stays out of the war in return for 1/2 of Poland
Great Britain & France finally declare war on Germany
Hitler's triumphal entry into Danzig, Poland 1939 51 51

52. How Did Hitler Make War? Blitzkrieg “Lightning War” 1939
Hitler invades:
Denmark
Norway
The Netherlands,
France
Hitler in Paris 52 52

53. US Assistance Roosevelt provided aid to the Allies: Lend-Lease - 1941
US “lent” war materials to cash-strapped Great Britain
Atlantic Charter
US secretly meets with England to commit to defeating Germany
London Firefighter Tackles an Air Raid Blaze 53 53

54. #4 – Reason Japan bombed U.S.
Meanwhile … in the Pacific …
#4 – Reason Japan bombed U.S.
Japan continuing expansion in China
Japanese assets in U.S. frozen & an embargo on Japan
What?
Surprise attack by the Japanese on American forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Effect?
US declares war on Japan & other Axis powers
USS Arizona Sinking in Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor: “a date which will live in infamy” 54