1. Supralaryngeal Anatomy

2. Muscles of Face
Facial muscles are devoid of facial sheaths (characteristic of skeletal muscle)
Size, shape & extent of development depend on
age
dentition
sex
Lips are most mobile

3. Facial Muscles Risorius Orbicularis Oris Mentalis Levator Labii
Superioris
Risorius
Depressor
Anguli
Oris
Orbicularis
Oris
Mentalis

4. Orbicularis Oris Principal muscle acting on the lips
Oval ring of muscle encircling mouth
Paired: upper & lower muscles (superior & inferior), functional differentiation
Acts as point of insertion for many other muscles
Function: Protrude & close lips, compress, contract, extend, rounding

5. Obicularis Oris

6. Buccinator “Bugler’s muscle” Lies deep to the risorius
Originates on the pterygomandibular ligament
Inserts into the lower orbicularis oris
Function: Compresses the lips & cheeks against the teeth & draws the corners of mouth laterally; primarily involved in mastication, moves food onto grinding surface of the molars, contraction constricts the oropharynx

7. Buccinator
Pterygomandibular
Ligament

8. Levator Anguli Oris
Arises from the canine fossa of the maxilla (lower part of orbit)
Inserts into upper & lower lips
Function: Draws the corner of the mouth up and medial-ward (spreads lips)

9. Levator Anguli Oris
Canine Fossa
of Maxilla

10. Levator Labii Superioris
Originates from the infraorbital margin of the maxilla (lower part of orbit)
Insertion into the mid-lateral region of the upper lip
Function: Elevation of the upper lip

11. Levator Labii Superioris
Infraorbital margin
of Maxilla

12. Zygomatic Major
Arises on the zygomatic bone
Courses obliquely
Inserts into the corner of the obicularis oris
Function: Elevates and retracts the angle of the mouth, as in the gesture of smiling

13. Depressor Labii Inferioris
Originates oblique line of mandible, runs upward
Insert into the lower lip and orbicularis oris
Function: Depresses the corners of the mouth and, by virtue of attachment to lower lip, help compress the lower lip to the upper lip

14. Depressor Labii Inferioris

15. Mentalis
Origin from incisive fossa of mandible, inserting into skin of chin below (lower gum in area of mandibular teeth)
Function: contraction elevates and wrinkles the chin and pulls the lower lip out

16. Masseter Originates for zygomatic arch
Insert into angle & lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible
Function: Closes jaw & retracts the mandible

17. Masseter

18. Facial Muscles Obicularis oris, inferior & superior muscles:
Lip protrusion, closure, retraction, elevation & depression
Risorius & Buccinator:
Assist in retraction of the lips & support entrapment of air within the oral cavity
Levator labii superioris, zygomatic minor:
Elevate upper lip
Depressor labii inferioris:
Depresses lower lip
Zygomatic major:
Elevates & contracts corners of mouth

19. Muscles of the Mouth Extrinsic & intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Muscles for soft palate elevation

20. Tongue Occupies the floor of the mouth
Extrinsic muscles: moves tongue into different positions or regions in the mouth
Intrinsic muscles: Shapes tongue into contours; fine graded control of the articulatory gestures
Primarily involved in mastication & deglutition
Movement of food
Position food for chewing
Propel it backward for swallowing

21. Tongue Dorsum: Superior surface Tip or Apex: Anterior-most portion
Base: In oropharynx
Palatine surface: Portion of surface in oral cavity; 2/3 of tongue
Lingual Frenulum: Underside of tongue; Joins inferior tongue & mandible; stabilizing tongue during movement

22. Intrinsic Tongue Muscles
Two pairs of muscles running longitudinally, transversely & vertically
Interact in a delicate fashion to produce the rapid, delicate articulations for speech & nonspeech activities

23. Intrinsic Tongue Muscles
Superior Longitudinal:
Courses along the length of tongue
Upper layer of tongue
Originates from fibrous submucous layer near epiglottis
Fibers fan forward & outward to insert into the lateral margins of the tongue & apex region
Function: Elevate tongue tip, pulls tongue to one side (toward side of contraction)

24. Superior & Inferior Longitudinal Muscles

25. Intrinsic Tongue Muscles
Inferior Longitudinal Muscle:
Originates at the root of the tongue & corpus hyoid
Fibers course to apex of tongue
Occupies lower sides of tongue (absent in medial tongue base)
Function: Depresses tongue tip; assist in retraction of the tongue; Contraction to one side pulls tongue in that direction & downward

26. Intrinsic Tongue Muscles
Transverse Muscles:
Function: to narrow tongue; Pulls edges toward midline
Fibers originate at the median fibrous septum & course laterally to insert into side of the tongue

27. Transverse & Vertical Muscles

28. Intrinsic Tongue Muscles
Vertical Muscles:
Run at right angles to the transverse muscles
Course from base of tongue and insert into the membranous cover
Function: Flatten tongue; Pulls tongue down into the floor of the mouth

29. Intrinsic Tongue Muscles Inferior Longitudinal
Superior Longitudinal
Coronal
Vertical Muscles
Transverse
Muscles
Inferior Longitudinal

30. Extrinsic Muscles Genioglossus: Prime mover, most of deeper bulk
Arises from inner mandibular surface and fans to insert into the tip & dorsum of the tongue
Medial position
Function:
1. Withdraw tongue into mouth
2. Pull tongue tip down, lower the tongue
3. Protrude the tongue
4. Pull tongue root & dorsum anteriorly

31. Genioglossus

32. Extrinsic Muscles Hyoglossus:
Arises from greater cornu & lateral body of the hyoid
Inserts into the sides of the tongue between the styloglossus & inferior longitudinal
Function: Pulls sides of tongue down

33. Hyoglossus

34. Extrinsic Muscles Styloglossus:
Originates from antero-lateral margin of styloid process
Inserts into inferior sides of tongue; divides to insert into inferior longitudinal & hyoglossus
Function: Draws tongue back & up

35. Styloglossus

36. Extrinsic Muscles Palatoglossus: Muscle of the tongue & velum
Function: Depress the soft palate or elevating the back of the tongue

37. Palatoglossus

38. Velopharyngeal Anatomy
Soft palate & its relationship with the pharyngeal wall
Muscles here run from skull and insert somewhere in palate
Muscles important for speech-Cleft palate
Three sounds in English that require velum to be depressed- n, m, ing

39. Reading/Assignments
Seikel: Pgs
Dickson: Pgs