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MEIOSIS
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Meiosis The form of cell division by which gametes, with half the number of chromosomes, are produced. Diploid (2n) haploid (n) Meiosis is sexual reproduction. Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).
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Fertilization n=23 egg 2n=46 zygote
The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote. A zygote is a fertilized egg n=23 egg sperm n=23 2n=46 zygote
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Meiosis Sex cells divide to produce gametes (sperm or egg).
Gametes have half the # of chromosomes. Occurs only in gonads (testes or ovaries). Male: spermatogenesis Female: oogenesis Meiosis is similar to mitosis with some chromosomal differences.
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Spermatogenesis n=23 n=23 2n=46 sperm haploid (n) meiosis II human
sex cell diploid (2n) n=23 meiosis I
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Meiosis – mouse testes Parent cell 1st division 2nd division 4 gametes
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Interphase I Similar to mitosis interphase.
Chromosomes replicate (S phase). Each duplicated chromosome consist of two identical sister chromatids attached at their centromeres. Centriole pairs also replicate.
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Interphase I Nucleus and nucleolus visible. chromatin nuclear membrane
cell membrane nucleolus
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Meiosis I (four phases)
Cell division that reduces the chromosome number by one-half. four phases: a. prophase I b. metaphase I c. anaphase I d. telophase I
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Prophase I Longest and most complex phase (90%). Chromosomes condense.
Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad. Tetrad is two chromosomes or four chromatids (sister and nonsister chromatids).
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Prophase I - Synapsis Homologous chromosomes sister chromatids Tetrad
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Homologous Chromosomes
Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are similar in shape and size. Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling the same inherited traits. Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same position on homologues. Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. a. 22 pairs of autosomes b. 01 pair of sex chromosomes
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Karyotype A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, and type.
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Homologous Chromosomes
eye color locus hair color Paternal Maternal
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Humans have 23 Sets of Homologous Chromosomes Each Homologous set is made up of 2 Homologues.
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Autosomes (The Autosomes code for most of the offspring’s traits)
In Humans the “Autosomes” are sets
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21 trisomy – Downs Syndrome
Can you see the extra 21st chromosome? Is this person male or female?
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In Humans the “Sex Chromosomes” are the 23rd set
Sex Chromosomes The Sex Chromosomes code for the sex of the offspring. ** If the offspring has two “X” chromosomes it will be a female. ** If the offspring has one “X” chromosome and one “Y” chromosome it will be a male. In Humans the “Sex Chromosomes” are the 23rd set XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male
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Boy or Girl? The Y Chromosome “Decides”
X chromosome Y chromosome
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Crossing Over Crossing over (variation) may occur between nonsister chromatids at the chiasmata. Crossing over: segments of nonsister chromatids break and reattach to the other chromatid. Chiasmata (chiasma) are the sites of crossing over.
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Crossing Over - variation
Tetrad nonsister chromatids chiasmata: site of crossing over variation
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Another Way Meiosis Makes Lots of Different Sex Cells – Crossing-Over
Crossing-over multiplies the already huge number of different gamete types produced by independent assortment.
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Sex Chromosomes XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male
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Prophase I centrioles spindle fiber aster fibers
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Metaphase I Shortest phase Tetrads align on the metaphase plate.
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS: 1. Orientation of homologous pair to poles is random. 2. Variation 3. Formula: 2n Example: 2n = 4 then n = 2 thus 22 = 4 combinations
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Metaphase I metaphase plate OR metaphase plate
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Question: In terms of Independent Assortment -how many different combinations of sperm could a human male produce?
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Answer 223 = ~8 million combinations Formula: 2n
Human chromosomes: 2n = 46 n = 23 223 = ~8 million combinations
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Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles.
Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres.
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Anaphase I
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Telophase I Each pole now has haploid set of chromosomes.
Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter cells are formed.
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Telophase I
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Meiosis II No interphase II (or very short - no more DNA replication)
Remember: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis
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Prophase II same as prophase in mitosis
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Metaphase II same as metaphase in mitosis metaphase plate
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Anaphase II same as anaphase in mitosis sister chromatids separate
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Telophase II Same as telophase in mitosis. Nuclei form.
Cytokinesis occurs. Remember: four haploid daughter cells produced. gametes = sperm or egg
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Telophase II
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Meiosis n=2 n=2 2n=4 sperm haploid (n) meiosis II meiosis I sex cell
diploid (2n)
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Variation Important to population as the raw material for natural selection. Question: What are the three sexual sources of genetic variation?
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Answer: Remember: variation is good! 1. crossing over (prophase I)
2. independent assortment (metaphase I) 3. random fertilization Remember: variation is good!
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Question: A cell containing 20 chromosomes (diploid) at the beginning of meiosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes?
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Answer: 10 chromosomes (haploid)
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Fertilization n=23 egg 2n=46 zygote
The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote. A zygote is a fertilized egg n=23 egg sperm n=23 2n=46 zygote
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Question: A cell containing 40 chromatids at the beginning of meiosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes?
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Answer: 10 chromosomes
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Sources www.ursulinehs.org/powerpoint/meiosis.ppt
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