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MEIOSIS.

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Presentation on theme: "MEIOSIS."— Presentation transcript:

1 MEIOSIS

2 Meiosis The form of cell division by which gametes, with half the number of chromosomes, are produced. Diploid (2n)  haploid (n) Meiosis is sexual reproduction. Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).

3 Fertilization n=23 egg 2n=46 zygote
The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote. A zygote is a fertilized egg n=23 egg sperm n=23 2n=46 zygote

4 Meiosis Sex cells divide to produce gametes (sperm or egg).
Gametes have half the # of chromosomes. Occurs only in gonads (testes or ovaries). Male: spermatogenesis Female: oogenesis Meiosis is similar to mitosis with some chromosomal differences.

5 Spermatogenesis n=23 n=23 2n=46 sperm haploid (n) meiosis II human
sex cell diploid (2n) n=23 meiosis I

6 Meiosis – mouse testes Parent cell 1st division 2nd division 4 gametes

7 Interphase I Similar to mitosis interphase.
Chromosomes replicate (S phase). Each duplicated chromosome consist of two identical sister chromatids attached at their centromeres. Centriole pairs also replicate.

8 Interphase I Nucleus and nucleolus visible. chromatin nuclear membrane
cell membrane nucleolus

9 Meiosis I (four phases)
Cell division that reduces the chromosome number by one-half. four phases: a. prophase I b. metaphase I c. anaphase I d. telophase I

10 Prophase I Longest and most complex phase (90%). Chromosomes condense.
Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad. Tetrad is two chromosomes or four chromatids (sister and nonsister chromatids).

11 Prophase I - Synapsis Homologous chromosomes sister chromatids Tetrad

12 Homologous Chromosomes
Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are similar in shape and size. Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling the same inherited traits. Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same position on homologues. Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. a. 22 pairs of autosomes b. 01 pair of sex chromosomes

13 Karyotype A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, and type.

14 Homologous Chromosomes
eye color locus hair color Paternal Maternal

15 Humans have 23 Sets of Homologous Chromosomes Each Homologous set is made up of 2 Homologues.

16 Autosomes (The Autosomes code for most of the offspring’s traits)
In Humans the “Autosomes” are sets

17 21 trisomy – Downs Syndrome
Can you see the extra 21st chromosome? Is this person male or female?

18 In Humans the “Sex Chromosomes” are the 23rd set
Sex Chromosomes The Sex Chromosomes code for the sex of the offspring. ** If the offspring has two “X” chromosomes it will be a female. ** If the offspring has one “X” chromosome and one “Y” chromosome it will be a male. In Humans the “Sex Chromosomes” are the 23rd set XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male

19 Boy or Girl? The Y Chromosome “Decides”
X chromosome Y chromosome

20 Crossing Over Crossing over (variation) may occur between nonsister chromatids at the chiasmata. Crossing over: segments of nonsister chromatids break and reattach to the other chromatid. Chiasmata (chiasma) are the sites of crossing over.

21 Crossing Over - variation
Tetrad nonsister chromatids chiasmata: site of crossing over variation

22 Another Way Meiosis Makes Lots of Different Sex Cells – Crossing-Over
Crossing-over multiplies the already huge number of different gamete types produced by independent assortment.

23 Sex Chromosomes XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male

24 Prophase I centrioles spindle fiber aster fibers

25 Metaphase I Shortest phase Tetrads align on the metaphase plate.
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS: 1. Orientation of homologous pair to poles is random. 2. Variation 3. Formula: 2n Example: 2n = 4 then n = 2 thus 22 = 4 combinations

26 Metaphase I metaphase plate OR metaphase plate

27 Question: In terms of Independent Assortment -how many different combinations of sperm could a human male produce?

28 Answer 223 = ~8 million combinations Formula: 2n
Human chromosomes: 2n = 46 n = 23 223 = ~8 million combinations

29 Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles.
Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres.

30 Anaphase I

31 Telophase I Each pole now has haploid set of chromosomes.
Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter cells are formed.

32 Telophase I

33 Meiosis II No interphase II (or very short - no more DNA replication)
Remember: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis

34 Prophase II same as prophase in mitosis

35 Metaphase II same as metaphase in mitosis metaphase plate

36 Anaphase II same as anaphase in mitosis sister chromatids separate

37 Telophase II Same as telophase in mitosis. Nuclei form.
Cytokinesis occurs. Remember: four haploid daughter cells produced. gametes = sperm or egg

38 Telophase II

39 Meiosis n=2 n=2 2n=4 sperm haploid (n) meiosis II meiosis I sex cell
diploid (2n)

40 Variation Important to population as the raw material for natural selection. Question: What are the three sexual sources of genetic variation?

41 Answer: Remember: variation is good! 1. crossing over (prophase I)
2. independent assortment (metaphase I) 3. random fertilization Remember: variation is good!

42 Question: A cell containing 20 chromosomes (diploid) at the beginning of meiosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes?

43 Answer: 10 chromosomes (haploid)

44 Fertilization n=23 egg 2n=46 zygote
The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote. A zygote is a fertilized egg n=23 egg sperm n=23 2n=46 zygote

45 Question: A cell containing 40 chromatids at the beginning of meiosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes?

46 Answer: 10 chromosomes

47 Sources www.ursulinehs.org/powerpoint/meiosis.ppt


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