5. Hazards from infectious waste and sharps- Hazards from infectious waste and sharps- * Pathogens in infectious waste may enter the human body through a puncture, abrasion or cut in the skin, through mucus membrane by inhalation or ingestion.

6. Chemical and Pharmaceutical waste Radioactive waste Public Sensitivity Chemical and Pharmaceutical waste * They may be toxic, genotoxic, corrosive, flammable, reactive or explosive. Radioactive waste * The possible effects can range from headache, dizziness, vomiting to affecting genetic material. Public Sensitivity * The general public is very sensitive to visual impact of health care waste, esp. anatomical waste.

7. As per WHO, the biomedical wastes could be classified into eight categories on the basis of the type of waste and the risk of transmission of infectious material in them. 1. General waste (domestic) 2. Pathological 3. Radioactive 4. Chemical 5. Infectious 6. Pharmaceutical wastes 7. Sharps and 8. Pressurised containers.

8. Cat- 1Human Anatomical Wastes Cat- 2Animal Anatomical Wastes Cat- 3Microbiology and Biotechnology wastes Cat- 4Waste Sharps Cat- 5Discarded medicines and Cytotoxic drugs

9. Cat- 6Soiled wastes include items contaminated with blood, body fluids such as cotton, dressings, linen, beddings etc. Cat- 7Solid wastes i.e. waste generated from disposable items other than sharps such as tubing, catheters, IV sets. Cat- 8Liquid wastes ( washing, cleaning ) Cat- 9Incineration ash Cat- 10Chemical wastes ( disinfectants, insecticides )

10. COLORWASTETREATMENTYellowHuman & Animal anatomical waste / Micro-biology waste and soiled cotton/dressings/linen/beddings etc. Incineration / Deep burial Red Tubings, Catheters, IV sets.Autolaving / Microwaving / Chemical treatment Blue White Blue / White Waste sharps ( Needles, Syringes, Scalpels, blades etc. ) Autolaving / Microwaving / Chemical treatment & Destruction / Shredding BlackDiscarded medicines/cytotoxic drugs, Incineration ash, Chemical waste. Disposal in secured landfill

15. Recommended concentration/dilution of Chemical disinfectants DISINFECTANT ( A contact period 0f 30 minutes is required for effective disinfection ) CONTAMINATED CONDITION GROSSLY CONTAMINATED CONDITION Sodium hypochlorite 5% available chlorine as liquid bleach 20 ml / L200 ml /L Tincture of Iodine/Povidone Iodine2.5 % Ethyl Alcohol70 % Isopropyl Alcohol70 % Gluteraldehyde 2 %2.5 % Formaldehyde 40 %5 %10 % Savlon5 %10 % Dettol 4.8 % v/v4 %10 % Cresol2.5 %5 %

18. - The holding time for waste is 15 minutes at 132°C or 30 minutes at 121°C. - The organic components of the waste are hydrolyzed and the waste matter is reduced by weight and volume.

19. - Based on the type of fuel consumed the division could be- ● Conventional incinerator using wood/charcoal ● Electrical incinerator ● Oil fired incinerator using electricity and diesel oil

20. -The heat produced at 95 - 100°C for a holding period of 25 minutes -They are able to penetrate materials and create vibrations in all the dipole molecules such as water in the waste materials. -This vibration generates friction, which in turn produces heat to disinfect the waste material.

21. MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY 1. Compaction: 2. Grinding / Shredding: 3. Pulverization: MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY 1. Compaction: Compacting is carried out by a hydraulic ram against a hard surface. 2. Grinding / Shredding: Waste material is broken down into smaller particles under negative pressure to avoid any spillage outside the chamber. 3. Pulverization: Waste is mixed with large volume of water and bleach solution. The waste is torn to shreds and then fed to an ultra high speed hammer mill with large spin blades which pulverize the matter into small, safe particles.

23. FINAL DISPOSAL METHODS General non hazardous waste Secured landfills Liquid wastesChemical disinfectant F/b neutralization with reagent, and discharged into the sewerage system. Human anatomical wastesIncinerated and sent to landfill sites. SharpsNeedles can be cut by needle cutter and contained in 1% bleach solution, and sent to landfill for disposal. Microbiology wasteAutoclave/Microwave/Incineration F/b landfill disposal. Infectious solid wasteAutoclave/Microwave/Incineration F/b landfill disposal. Radioactive wasteThe solid wastes are disposed by concentration and storage, while liquids by dilution and dispersal Pressurised containersDisposed off with general waste in secured landfills.