1. Financial Sector Reform 1980s not really considered as part of economic reform Banks were seen as the state’s “cashier” for its chosen economic programs— as a result there was build-up of NPLs By mid-1990s, need recognized and necessity to clean up bad debts Zhu Rongji recognized that the problems were not cyclical but structural and rooted in the financial system Extra urgency from ◦ Asian Financial Crisis ◦ WTO entry 1

2. Financial Sector Reform Main role of state banks--feed the SOE sector Led to huge portfolio of non-performing loans, perhaps 25% of GDP (Naughton) True net equity value of large state commercial banks almost certainly negative Requires internal restructuring and $200 billion in fresh capital according to Bottelier (former head of the World Bank in China) 2

3. Financial Sector Reform Zhu Rongji’s policy—three main elements ◦ Restructure the banking system to allow more commercialization and free state banks from local politics ◦ allow Central Bank to play increased regulatory role ◦ get non-performing loans off the books of banking system 3

4. Financial Sector Reform People’s Bank as a Central Bank 1994 division into a three tier banking system: commercial banks (four former State banks—Industrial and Commercial Bank, Bank of China, China Construction Bank, and Agricultural Bank of China), policy banks (China Development Bank, Agricultural Development Bank and Export-Import Bank), and smaller regional and main banks of the SOEs (Pudong Development Bank, Shenzhen Development Bank, Huaxia and Bank of Communications) and non-bank financial institutions such as the rural and urban credit cooperatives (more profit oriented and with more flexible loan rates) Four major banks still under state authority but greater capacity to make loans on a commercial basis ◦ Account for 70% of the domestic banking business ◦ Most important source of capital for enterprises 4

5. Financial Sector Reforms 1998 Reform--reorganize 31 provincial branches of PBOC into 9 regional centers to reduce political interference from provincial leaders But state banks still often seen as funders of state’s severe fiscal shortfalls 1998 and 1999, PBOC did move to close the Guangdong International Trust and Investment Corporation Major measure--move non-performing loans off books of four commercial banks 5

6. Financial Sector Reform AMC set up for each commercial bank First = Cinda for the China Construction Bank Capital for AMC provided by Ministry of Finance and owned by Central Government not the bank. But many employees were shifted over from the relevant bank SOE debt solution--AMCs acquire at face value loans from banks to SOEs In 1998-99, $170 billion was transferred with a further $50 billion in 2004 6

7. Financial Sector Reform Official expectation is to recoup 30 to 40% of the 1.1 trillion yuan in NPLs—acquire at face value loans from banks to SOEs Unofficial expectations--lucky to get 10% By end 2004, the 4 AMCs had written off or sold assets worth around $80 billion but had recovered only about 20 percent of face value of the loans SETC recognized 600 SOEs for help to rise to 1000 ◦ Can be solvent once debt was cleared ◦ Future market niche existed ◦ Well managed 7

8. Financial Sector Reform AMCs have had trouble meeting their mandate in part because of a triple mandate 1) Maximizing asset recovery 2) Lessening the financial risks facing the big four banks 3) Restructuring SOEs BUT (Steinfeld)—little capacity or power to do this. Now resides with SASAC. Problem for State banks is that their customer base has not changed significantly—SOEs are still the main clients, still occasional pressure from government to expand social stability loans 8

9. Financial Sector Reforms Despite reforms further bank recapitalization is necessary Pressure comes from the requirements dictated by WTO entry As of 2007, foreign banks are able to open free-standing branches Measures to improve the banking system ◦ Formation of the China Banking Regulatory Commission (2003) to improve supervision and regulation ◦ Capital injection into 3 of the major banks to improve balance sheets and bring CARs in line with international norms ◦ January 2004, $45 billion injected from foreign exchange reserves ◦ October 2005, the China Construction Bank IPO raised $9.23 billion with stock rising 8.5% ◦ Newbridge purchase of controlling stake in Shenzhen Development Bank, faield experiment ◦ End October ’05, 18 financial institutions committed $18 billion to 16 Chinese banks 9

10. Financial Sector Reforms Criticism of the recent reforms has been a part of the “leftist” backlash Claim that finance is a strategic sector that should not be allowed to fall into foreign hands Intense criticism has had a limited impact on policy Mid-December 2005, State Council met to consider whether state banks are being sold too cheaply Main policy adjustment is to bring in domestic stakeholders—National Social Security Fund can take a 10 billion Rmb stake in two state banks 10

11. Financial Sector Reform To make banks attractive further recapitalization may be necessary but is it worthwhile Yes, but other requirements must be met ◦ Corporate governance will have to improve ◦ Loan criteria will need to be tightened and risk management improved ◦ Political lending to state firms will need to be reduced if not cut off ◦ China will need to keep with liberalizing domestic interest rates ◦ Seek fuller integration between domestic and international capital markets ◦ Eventually move to a more realistic valuation of the currency Ending preferential policies and lending practices will help direct valuable resources to the non-state sector 11