1. Chapter 1 Exploring Life

2. Biologists Explore Life From the Microscopic to the Global Scale
Evelyn Graham
Betty Orr
Katelyn Gibbs
Hannah Rousseau

3. A Hierarchy of Biological Organization
The Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Molecules

4. A Closer Look at Ecosystems
Every species within an ecosystem works with each other
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
Energy moves through an ecosystem entering as light and leaving as heat

5. A Closer Look at Cells
A cell can perform all activities required for life
Chromosomes are in cells which are partly made of DNA and DNA is the substance of genes
DNA is in the shape of a double helix and each link of the chain between a double helix is one of four kinds of nucleotides and tells what a cell should do
The genetic instructions are called a genome

6. Two Main Forms of Cells
Eukaryotic Cell- nucleus is the largest organelle and it contains the DNA and other organelles are located in the cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cell- DNA is not separated from the rest of the cell and prokaryotic cells lack kinds of membrane enclosed organelles

7. Biological systems are much more than the sum of their parts
Laci Reynolds
Andrew Clark
Jake Ross
Harley Hakert

8. The Emergent Properties of Systems
Emergent Properties are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
For example, if a serious head injury disrupts the intricate architecture of a human brain, the mind may cease to function properly even though all of the brain parts are still present. Our thoughts and memories are emergent properties of a complex network of nerve cells.
Emergent Properties are neither supernatural nor unique to life.

9. The Power and Limitations of Reductionism
Disrupting a living system interferes with the meaningful understanding of its processes. On the other hand, something as complex as an organism or a cell cannot be analyzed without taking it apart.
Reductionism is reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.
For example by studying the molecular structure of DNA that have been extracted from cells, James Watson and Francis Crick inferred, in 1953, how this molecule could serve as the chemical bases of inheritance.

10. Systems Biology
Systems Biology is to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems.
The basic idea of systems biology is simple, the practice is not. It has taken 3 research developments to bring systems biology within reach. High-throughput technology, Bioinformatics, and Interdisciplinary research teams.

11. Feedback Regulation in Biological Systems
A kind of supply-and-demand economy applies to some of the dynamics of biological systems.
Negative Feedback, in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process.
Positive Feedback, in which an end products speeds up its production.

12. Biologists explore life across its great diversity of species

13. Grouping Species: The Basic Idea
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species. The idea of taxonomy is grouping different species into broader groups.
The broadest units of classification are Kingdoms and Domains and the smallest group of classification are Species and Genus.

14. The Three Domains of Life
The kingdoms of life are classified into three high levels of classification:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria and Archaea both consist of prokaryotes, prokaryotic cells lack nuclei.
Eukarya consists of eukaryotes, eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus.

15. Exploring Life’s Three Domains
Domain Bacteria:
Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread.
Domain Archaea:
Archaea live in the Earth’s most extreme environments.
Domain Eukarya:
Eukaryatic cells are found in kingdoms such as; plantae, fungi, animalia.

16. Unity in the Diversity of Life
As diverse life is, there is also evidence of remarkable unity, especially at the molecular and cellular levels.
Examples are the universal genetic language of DNA and cell structure.

17. Evolution: Accounts for life’s unity and diversity

18. Natural Selection
Natural Selection: Survival of the fittest.

19. The tree of life
Different species with common ancestry

20. Evolution
Evolution: All the changes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today.

21. 1.5 Biologists Use Various Forms of Inquiry to Explore Life
Brady Meinrod Mikaela Thomas
Caity Beddes
McKade Hall

22. Science is a Way of Knowing
Inquiry is a search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions.
The two main processes of scientific inquiry is Discovery Science and Hypothesis-Based Science.

23. Discovery Science
Discovery Science describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data.
Discovery Science is about describing nature.
Important conclusions are based on a type of logic called inductive reasoning.

24. Hypothesis-Based Science
Hypothesis-Based Science is about explaining nature.
Inquiry usually involves the proposing and testing of hypothetical explanations.
A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a well-framed question—an explanation on a trial.

25. Limitations of Science
Hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable and observations and experimental results must be repeatable.

26. Theories in Science
A scientific theory is much broader in scope than a hypothesis.
A theory is general enough to spin off many new, specific hypotheses that can be tested.
Theories are generally supported by a much more massive body of evidence.

27. Model Building in Science
Scientific models can take many forms, such as diagrams, graphs, three- dimensional objects, computer programs, or mathematical equations.

28. Science, Technology, and Society
Technology generally applies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose. The direction that technology takes depends on the current needs and wants of people and on the social environment of the times.

29. A set of themes connects the concepts of biology
Tiffany Jackson
Cody Barnett
Jessica Caldwell

30. Biology is Complex!!
An interdisciplinary science that requires knowledge of chemistry, physics, and math.
Its most connected to the humanities and social sciences.

31. Biology is Expanding!! New discoveries are being made every day.
It is to much to memorize.

32. The Cell
The basic unit of structure in every organism. -Prokaryotic ~bacteria ~archaea -Eukaryotic ~protists ~plants ~fungi ~animals

33. Heritable Information
Life depends on DNA, the encoded information that passes on to offspring.
-Encoded in the nucleotide.

34. Emergent Properties of Biological Systems
The Living world has a hierarchical system -Extends from Molecules to the Biosphere Each level upward is more complex and interwoven

35. Regulation
Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems

36. Interaction with the Environment
Organisms and the environment continually exchange materials and energies

37. Energy and Life
All organisms work, which requires energy All energy originates from the sun

38. Unity and Diversity
The three groups of life are; -bacteria -archaea -eukarya All life is diverse, but are united within the biosphere

39. Evolution
Biology’s main theme Darwin’s theory of natural selection -the ability to adapt successfully to the environment

40. Structure and Function
Form and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization

41. Scientific Inquiry
Science includes observation based discovery and the testing of explanations through hypothesis-based inquiry

42. Science, Technology and Society
Technologies are goal oriented applications of science They are all interconnected and related