2. Overview  What it is  History  Signs and symptoms  Rick Factors  Treatment  Prevention

3. What is it?  Staph infection: Commonly formed bacteria Lives on your skin and in nose. Problematic when it gets in the body. (sepsis) One of the most common causes of skin infections Treated with antibiotics  MRSA is Resistant to antibiotics.

4. Superbug  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus  Resists β-lactam antibiotics Penicillin Cephalosporines Monbactams Carbapenems β-lactam inhibitors  Leading cause of Sepsis, pneumonia, Surgical site infection.

5. The Resistance  Unnecessary antibiotic use: Used to treat viral infections (flu, cold) Used for minor bacterial infection Use of antibacterial soap?  Antibiotics in food and water: Found in livestock Water run off of farms then into water systems

6. The Resistance  Germ mutation: Not all bacteria is killed with use of antibiotics Bacteria change and adapt to survive the presence of antibiotics. Evolve and mature “What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger”

7. History  Discovered in 1961 in the United Kingdom  U.S. in 1981 In I.V. Drug users  CDC report in 2005 127,000 infections in 1999 to 278,000 11,000 deaths to more than 18,650 Responsible for 94,360 serious infections 18,000 MRSA Deaths vs. 16,000 died from AIDS (2005)

8. What does it look like  Insect or spider bite  Folliculitis or Pustular lesions  Furuncle, carbuncles (Boils)  Abscess ( Esp. with tissue necrosis)  Cellulites  Impetigo  Infected wound

9. Two Types  HA-MRSA Hospital or other heath care settings  CA-MRSA Community Associated Locker rooms Prisons Soldiers

10. High Risk Factors  HA-MRSA: Pts. With open wounds Invasive devises Weakened immune system Elderly/Children Long- term healthcare Dialysis pts. Recent use of antibiotics

11. High Risk Factors  CA-MRSA Contact sports Sharing equipment Locker rooms Prisoners Confined space with lots of people Healthcare workers Homosexual Men

14. Treatment  Incision and drainage of abscess  Nasal and tissue swab/ Urine sample  Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility  Treat with appropriate antibiotics  IV; Vancomycin (antibiotic)

15. Prevention

16.  Good Hygiene Wash hands Take shower after exercise Keep open wounds clean and covered Avoid direct contact with wounds Avoid sharing personal hygiene equipment Clean soiled linens with bleach, hot water, and hot dryer when available.

17. Prevention  Know how and using antibiotics properly.  Don’t use antibiotics when they aren’t needed

18. Prevention  PPE  Avoid touching stuff.  clean your equipment EVERYTIME.

19. Prevention  Silver sulfadiazine Used primarily on burn patient Treatment for MRSA  Handheld bacteria tester (UK) Tests for bacteria found around hospital Insured good cleaning practices

21. Refrences  Boyles, Salynn. “More U.S. Deaths From MRSA Than AIDS.” WebMD health News. 16 Oct. 2007 Reviewed by Chng Louise, MD BoylesChng Louise, MDhttp://www.webmd.com/news/20071016/more-us-deaths-from-mrsa-than-aids  Boyles, Salynn. “Plain Soap as Good as Antibacterial” WebMD Health News. 17 Aug. 2007. http://www.webmd.com/news/20070817/plain-soap-as-good-as-antibacterial  Elaine Larson RN PHD; Allison Aiello, MS; Lillian V, Lee, MS; Phyllis Delta-Latta, PhD; Cabilia Gomez-duarte, MD; Susan Lin, DrPH. “Short-and Long-term effects of hand washing with antimicrobial or plain soap in the community”. Journal of Community health, vol. 28, No. 2, April 2003. (Copyright 2003)  Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Last updated 18, Oct. 2008. Viewed 2 Jan. 2009. http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/antimicrobialResistance/Examples/mrsa/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/antimicrobialResistance/Examples/mrsa/  “Healthcare-Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA).” Center for Disease Control. Last updated 8 Oct. 2008. Viewed 2 Jan. 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_MRSA.html  Hoffmann S. Silver sulfadiazine: an antibacterial agent for topical use in burns. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;18(1):119-26. Hoffmann S  Klevens, R. Monina, DDS, MPH; Morrison, Melissa A. MPH; Nadle, Joelle, MPH; Petit, Susan MPH; Gershman, Ken MD, MPH; Ray, Susan MD; Harrison, Lee H. MD; Lynfield, Ruth MD; Dumyati, Ghinwa MD; Townes, John M. MD; Craig, Allen S. MD; Zell, Elizabeth R. MSTAT; Fosheim, Gregory E. MPH; McDougal, Linda K. MS; Carey, Roberta B. PhD; Fridkin, Scott K. MD. “Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in the United States” JAMA. 17 Oct. 2007; 298(15):1763-1771.  ”What Everyone Should Know and Do Snort. Sniffle. Sneeze. No Antibiotics Please!” Center for Disease Control. Last Updated 18 Aug. 2008. Viewed 2 Jan. 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/community/know-and-do.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/community/know-and-do.htm  Zarpellon MN, Soares VS, Albrecht NR, Bergamasco DR, Garcia LB, Cardoso CL. “Comparison of 3 alcohol gels and 70% ethyl alcohol for hand hygiene.” Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 29 Oct. 2008(10):960-2 Zarpellon MNSoares VSAlbrecht NRBergamasco DRGarcia LBCardoso CL