1. Risk Factors associated with Binge Drinking Amongst College Students Daniel Canales, Crystal Garcia, Antonio Mendez, Erika Barajas

2. INTRODUCTION According to reports binge drinking is the number one public health concern on college campuses nationwide. According to reports binge drinking is the number one public health concern on college campuses nationwide. This behavior is related to lower grade point averages, academic problems, student attrition, and the leading cause of death among college students (Vohs, 2008). This behavior is related to lower grade point averages, academic problems, student attrition, and the leading cause of death among college students (Vohs, 2008). It is estimated “about four in five of all college students drink, including nearly 60 percent of students age 18 to 20” (NIAAA, n.d.) It is estimated “about four in five of all college students drink, including nearly 60 percent of students age 18 to 20” (NIAAA, n.d.)

3. WHAT IS BINGE DRINKING? According National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) “A “binge” is a pattern of drinking alcohol that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 gram- percent or above. For a typical adult, this pattern corresponds to consuming 5 or more drinks (male), or 4 or more drinks (female), in about 2 hours” (NIAAA, 2007). According National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) “A “binge” is a pattern of drinking alcohol that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 gram- percent or above. For a typical adult, this pattern corresponds to consuming 5 or more drinks (male), or 4 or more drinks (female), in about 2 hours” (NIAAA, 2007).

4. WHY DO STUDENTS BINGE DRINK? Binge drinking does not stem from just one factor but several. This can include genetic and family predisposition, social and peer influences, college traditions, uncontrolled policy environments and the easy availability of alcohol in and around college campuses (College Alcohol Study, n.d.). Binge drinking does not stem from just one factor but several. This can include genetic and family predisposition, social and peer influences, college traditions, uncontrolled policy environments and the easy availability of alcohol in and around college campuses (College Alcohol Study, n.d.).

5. WHY IS THIS A GREAT CONERN? Binge drinking is of great concern because it is tied to some of the most desired aspects of American college life. Binge drinking is of great concern because it is tied to some of the most desired aspects of American college life. Many factors contribute to the high prevalence of binge drinking among college students, making binge drinking a major health concern for colleges and universities nationwide. Many factors contribute to the high prevalence of binge drinking among college students, making binge drinking a major health concern for colleges and universities nationwide.

6. Social Organizations Social fraternities and sororities play a prominent role in the lives of U.S. college students. Social fraternities and sororities play a prominent role in the lives of U.S. college students. Anecdotal evidence of problem drinking at fraternity events abounds. Data confirm that fraternity members drink more intensively than do non-members. In the NCHRBS, past month binge drinking, defined as consuming at least five alcoholic beverages within a few hours, was reported by 69% of fraternity members as compared with 42% of non-members. Anecdotal evidence of problem drinking at fraternity events abounds. Data confirm that fraternity members drink more intensively than do non-members. In the NCHRBS, past month binge drinking, defined as consuming at least five alcoholic beverages within a few hours, was reported by 69% of fraternity members as compared with 42% of non-members. The main activity with which fraternities are associated with is alcohol use. The main activity with which fraternities are associated with is alcohol use. Fraternity parties Fraternity parties (DeSimone, 2007)

7. Social Organizations

8. College Game day Empirical and anecdotal evidence suggests that drinking is a common occurrence on game day. Empirical and anecdotal evidence suggests that drinking is a common occurrence on game day. Data from the fall 2004 National College Health Assessment indicate that approximately 31% of women and 44% of men engage in high-risk drinking Data from the fall 2004 National College Health Assessment indicate that approximately 31% of women and 44% of men engage in high-risk drinking A unique challenge concerning high-risk drinking on US campuses is college football game day. Research indicates that sports fans are less likely to abstain from alcohol and more likely to drink excessively than are non-sports fans. A unique challenge concerning high-risk drinking on US campuses is college football game day. Research indicates that sports fans are less likely to abstain from alcohol and more likely to drink excessively than are non-sports fans. Students underestimated the percentage of tailgaters who drank but overestimated how much they drank. Students who overestimated the number of drinks their peers consumed while tailgating were more likely to drink and experience negative consequences themselves on game day. Students underestimated the percentage of tailgaters who drank but overestimated how much they drank. Students who overestimated the number of drinks their peers consumed while tailgating were more likely to drink and experience negative consequences themselves on game day. (Glassman, Werch et al. 2007)

9. Early Alcohol Initiation Does it increase risk of binge drinking in college? Study investigated the influence of age of alcohol initiation on current alcohol use and alcohol-related problems among college students. Study investigated the influence of age of alcohol initiation on current alcohol use and alcohol-related problems among college students. Positive attitudes toward drinking in early adolescence carry into college experience. Positive attitudes toward drinking in early adolescence carry into college experience. Study described early alcohol initiation as alcohol use before the age of 15. Although there is some debate on age range. Study described early alcohol initiation as alcohol use before the age of 15. Although there is some debate on age range. (LaBrie, Rodrigues et al. 2007) LaBrie, Rodrigues et al. 2007LaBrie, Rodrigues et al. 2007

10. Early Alcohol Initiation Study College student sample: From two universities in Western United States. N=214 College student sample: From two universities in Western United States. N=214 Subjects recruited through Psychology courses. Subjects recruited through Psychology courses. Questionnaire Questionnaire Age Range: 17-24 (Average Age: 20.66 yrs) Age Range: 17-24 (Average Age: 20.66 yrs) 35% Male, 66% Female 35% Male, 66% Female 26% Caucasian, 40% Asian, 24% Hispanic, 2% African American, 8% Mixed 26% Caucasian, 40% Asian, 24% Hispanic, 2% African American, 8% Mixed 20% in Fraternity or Sorority 20% in Fraternity or Sorority (LaBrie, Rodrigues et al. 2007) (LaBrie, Rodrigues et al. 2007)LaBrie, Rodrigues et al. 2007LaBrie, Rodrigues et al. 2007

11. Study Results Participants split into age of initiation groups. Participants split into age of initiation groups. First had more than a few sips of alcohol: E arly alcohol initiation group: before age 15. (40%) E arly alcohol initiation group: before age 15. (40%) M iddle alcohol initiation group: between15 and 17. (42%) M iddle alcohol initiation group: between15 and 17. (42%) L ate alcohol initiation group: after age 18. (19%) L ate alcohol initiation group: after age 18. (19%) (LaBrie, Rodrigues et al. 2007) LaBrie, Rodrigues et al. 2007LaBrie, Rodrigues et al. 2007

12. Study Results Early Initiators drank more frequently and consumed significantly more alcohol per occasion then middle or late initiators. Early Initiators drank more frequently and consumed significantly more alcohol per occasion then middle or late initiators. Early Initiators were ~3x more likely than middle initiators and >2x as likely as late initiators to avg 5 or more drinks per drinking occasion (binge drinking). Early Initiators were ~3x more likely than middle initiators and >2x as likely as late initiators to avg 5 or more drinks per drinking occasion (binge drinking). (LaBrie, Rodrigues et al. 2007) (LaBrie, Rodrigues et al. 2007)LaBrie, Rodrigues et al. 2007LaBrie, Rodrigues et al. 2007

13. Working More Than 20 hrs/wk Study investigated “associations between hours worked, binge drinking, sleep habits, and academic performance among a college student cohort”. Study investigated “associations between hours worked, binge drinking, sleep habits, and academic performance among a college student cohort”. ~57% college students work while in school. ~57% college students work while in school. Suggests working during college may be problematic when college students work excessive # of hours, resulting in undesirable influences on health. Suggests working during college may be problematic when college students work excessive # of hours, resulting in undesirable influences on health. Excessive # of hours: 20 or more per week Excessive # of hours: 20 or more per week (Miller, Danner et al. 2008) Miller, Danner et al. 2008Miller, Danner et al. 2008

14. Working More Than 20 hrs/wk College student sample: Southeastern US University. College student sample: Southeastern US University. Questionnaire Questionnaire Age Range: 18-26 (Average Age: 20.2 yrs) Age Range: 18-26 (Average Age: 20.2 yrs) 61% Female 61% Female 91% Caucasian (Not Diverse) 91% Caucasian (Not Diverse) 27% in Fraternity or Sorority 27% in Fraternity or Sorority (Miller, Danner et al. 2008) Miller, Danner et al. 2008Miller, Danner et al. 2008

15. Study Results Students’ weekly work hours were divided into 3 categories Students’ weekly work hours were divided into 3 categories Low (<10 hours) Low (<10 hours) Medium (10-19 hours) Medium (10-19 hours) High (≥20 hours) High (≥20 hours) Students who worked 20+ hrs/wk were 1.56 x more likely to be binge drinkers. Students who worked 20+ hrs/wk were 1.56 x more likely to be binge drinkers. Binge drinking and lower academic performance were significantly associated with working 20+ hrs/wk Binge drinking and lower academic performance were significantly associated with working 20+ hrs/wk (Miller, Danner et al. 2008) (Miller, Danner et al. 2008)Miller, Danner et al. 2008Miller, Danner et al. 2008

16. Study Results Researchers speculate that unhealthy behaviors may be a response to the added stress of working excessive hours. Researchers speculate that unhealthy behaviors may be a response to the added stress of working excessive hours. Study limitations: Study limitations: Cross-sectional (Could not determine causality) Cross-sectional (Could not determine causality) Self-reported behaviors & demographics Self-reported behaviors & demographics Response rate of <60%. Validity? Response rate of <60%. Validity? Specific to student population at one university in one geographic region so may not be generalizable. Specific to student population at one university in one geographic region so may not be generalizable. (Miller, Danner et al. 2008) Miller, Danner et al. 2008Miller, Danner et al. 2008

17. Intervention programs *Do intervention programs prevent binge drinking? *Where do students go for information? *Do campus’ without programs have the same issues with binge drinking?

18. Where are the target areas for Binge Drinking Prevention: College Characteristics College Characteristics A number of environmental influences working in concert with other factors may affect students' alcohol consumption. A number of environmental influences working in concert with other factors may affect students' alcohol consumption. Schools where excessive alcohol use is more likely to occur include: Schools where excessive alcohol use is more likely to occur include:

19. Schools where Greek systems dominate (i.e., fraternities, sororities) Schools where Greek systems dominate (i.e., fraternities, sororities) Schools where athletic teams are prominent Schools where athletic teams are prominent Schools located in the Northeast Schools located in the Northeast

20. First-Year Students: First-Year Students: The first 6 weeks of enrollment are critical to first- year student success The first 6 weeks of enrollment are critical to first- year student success *the potential exists for excessive alcohol consumption to interfere with successful adaptation to campus life. *the potential exists for excessive alcohol consumption to interfere with successful adaptation to campus life. * The transition to college is often so difficult to negotiate that about one-third of first-year students fail to enroll for their second year. * The transition to college is often so difficult to negotiate that about one-third of first-year students fail to enroll for their second year.

21. National Organizations assisting Universities with educating incoming students *MADD- Mothers Against Drunk Drivers * NIAAA -National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism *Trained Peer Counselors (require considerable amount of training)(2)

22. * While many Universities have counselors on hand to handle many situations, Binge drinking remains one of major concerns with incoming freshman students. *Nationwide, Universities have mandatory Alcohol Awareness classes that must be taken by all incoming Freshman. *Local Universities each set up their own form of intervention/education on drinking.

23. This is a symbol used by UTSA. Just what is the meaning of this symbol?

24. *All incoming freshman and transfer students with less that 30 credits must enroll and take both parts within the allotted time. *According to ASAP, failure to enroll or complete both parts can lead to a hold on your account.

25. SHADES Peer Education Sexual Health Alcohol and Drug Education for Students Located in UTSA Health Services web page. Located in UTSA Health Services web page. Discuss alcohol, drugs and sex Discuss alcohol, drugs and sex Dorms can schedule briefings in their dorms Dorms can schedule briefings in their dorms

26. * No evidence was found to justify an abundance of binge drinkers on campus would be increased without programs on campus. As part of their prevention programs, US colleges and universities are required by law to make information about their alcohol policies available to students. Often the source of this information is the school's Web site.

27. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Community establishments near and around campus serve or sell alcohol, which depend on the college clientele for their financial success. Community establishments near and around campus serve or sell alcohol, which depend on the college clientele for their financial success. Accessibility of Alcohol in and around campuses Accessibility of Alcohol in and around campuses College students who reported that they were exposed to wet environments were more likely to engage in binge drinking than were their peers without similar exposures(Weitzman, 2007). College students who reported that they were exposed to wet environments were more likely to engage in binge drinking than were their peers without similar exposures(Weitzman, 2007).

28. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PRICE OF BEER PRICE OF BEER Discount pricing of alcohol in bars and stores, and high densities of alcohol outlets in areas surrounding colleges are risk factors associated with college binge drinking. Alcohol consumption increases as establishments and alcohol outlets use various discounts and promotions to attract college students. Discount pricing of alcohol in bars and stores, and high densities of alcohol outlets in areas surrounding colleges are risk factors associated with college binge drinking. Alcohol consumption increases as establishments and alcohol outlets use various discounts and promotions to attract college students. “College students are targeted with sales of large volumes of alcohol (such as 24- and 30-can cases of beer, kegs, and “party balls”), low sale prices, and frequent alcohol promotions at bars, liquor stores, and other retail outlets surrounding college campuses” (Meichum K., Wechsler, H., Greenberg, P., Hang, L., 2003) “College students are targeted with sales of large volumes of alcohol (such as 24- and 30-can cases of beer, kegs, and “party balls”), low sale prices, and frequent alcohol promotions at bars, liquor stores, and other retail outlets surrounding college campuses” (Meichum K., Wechsler, H., Greenberg, P., Hang, L., 2003)

29. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONT. Daily drink specials and “happy hours” at local restaurants and bars, as well as reduced prices of beer in stores during sporting events and holidays. In a study that measured taking up binge drink in college; results showed, students who reported paying one dollar or less for a drink were considerably more likely to begin binge drinking than were students who reported paying more than a dollar per drink (Weitzman, 2007). Daily drink specials and “happy hours” at local restaurants and bars, as well as reduced prices of beer in stores during sporting events and holidays. In a study that measured taking up binge drink in college; results showed, students who reported paying one dollar or less for a drink were considerably more likely to begin binge drinking than were students who reported paying more than a dollar per drink (Weitzman, 2007). During one study it was found that “both heavy and light drinkers drank more than twice as much alcohol during simulated “happy hours” as they did during times without such promotions” (Meichum K., Wechsler, H., Greenberg, P., Hang, L., 2003). During one study it was found that “both heavy and light drinkers drank more than twice as much alcohol during simulated “happy hours” as they did during times without such promotions” (Meichum K., Wechsler, H., Greenberg, P., Hang, L., 2003). Students will seek out the best drink specials and cheap alcohol that is most convenient and closest to them for the alcohol needs. Students will seek out the best drink specials and cheap alcohol that is most convenient and closest to them for the alcohol needs.

30. CONCLUSION As it has been in the past and still is today, college drinking has become a culture, where these traditions have developed into beliefs and customs that are entrenched in every level of college students’ environments. Customs which have been handed down through generations of college drinkers and reinforce students’ expectations that alcohol is a necessary ingredient for social success. These traditions are embedded in all levels of students’ environments including college sports arenas, community, and carried over into alumni traditions. The risks and consequences of binge drinking on college students are monumental and must be addressed more thoroughly. As it has been in the past and still is today, college drinking has become a culture, where these traditions have developed into beliefs and customs that are entrenched in every level of college students’ environments. Customs which have been handed down through generations of college drinkers and reinforce students’ expectations that alcohol is a necessary ingredient for social success. These traditions are embedded in all levels of students’ environments including college sports arenas, community, and carried over into alumni traditions. The risks and consequences of binge drinking on college students are monumental and must be addressed more thoroughly.

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