1. Preston Steele BME 281

2.  The brains ability to actively rewire itself in response to external stimuli  Creation of BION microstimulator based on this

3.  Uses FES(Functional Electrical Stimulation) to send small electric shocks to muscles to induce movement  Small capsule with rechargeable battery, antenna and charging coil for electrical impulses inside  In glass casing with nickel on the ends  2.1 mm diameter, 16 mm long

4.  1791- Luigi Galvani  1960- Liberson’s drop foot stimulator developed  1989-when AMF began work on the microstimulator  2008-AMF develops working prototypes of injectable microstimulators without exoskeletal system

5.  Non profit organization  Main focus in medical research  Have worked on other devices such as : ▪ Cochlear implant (hearing impaired) ▪ Retinal prosthesis (vision) ▪ Fully implantable glucose sensor (diabetes)

6.  Uses FES (Funcional Electrical Stimulation)  FM device located in motor cortex sends messages in real time down to the relevant muscles  Once the message is received the microstimulator sends out an electrical impulse triggering muscle movement

8. PREVIOUSNOW/ NEAR FUTURE

9.  ~ 750,000 people suffer a stroke every year  ~11,000 suffer a spinal cord injury  ~500,000 live with cerebral palsy  ~270,000 with MS  ~5.3 mill with after affects of traumatic brain injury

10.  Small and can be imbedded directly in the affected muscle tissues  Doesn’t just “fix” the problem – it helps reteach the brain how to use the affected area  Can remain safely in the body for up to 80 years

11. PAST  Surgical procedure  In operating room PRESENT  BION implantation tool(BIT)  Outpatient office procedure  No surgical tools needed

12.  Consists of long cannula(10 cm)  Cannula made of Vectra B130-liquid crystal polymer, 30% glass reinforced  Cannula has 2 conduction holes at end of probe

13.  Microstimulators that are temperature and pressure sensitive and also respond to touch  Possibly applying them to next generation prosthetics  Application to lower extremities

14.  2006 from Ray Bauer on Vim eo. <iframe src="http://player.vimeo.com/ video/24179538?title=0& byline=0&portrait=0" width="400" height="300" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen allowFullScreen> <p ><a href="http://vimeo.com/2417 9538">2006 from <a href="http://vimeo.com/user6 522156">Ray Bauer on <a href="http://vimeo.com">Vim eo.

15.  Alfred Mann Foundation. 2011. Web. 29 Sept. 2011..  Burridge, Jane. "A Preliminary Clinical Study Using RF BION® 1 Microstimulators to Facilitate Upper Limb Function in Hemiplegi." Advances in Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation 4.2 (2004): 26-27. Advances in Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation. ACNR. Web. 29 Sept. 2011..  Kaplan, Hilton M., and Gerald E. Loeb. "Design and Fabrication of an Injection Tool for Neuromuscular Microstimulators." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 37.9 (2009): 1866+. Biomedical Engineeering Society. Biomedical Engineeering Society, 24 June 2009. Web. 29 Sept. 2011..  Lewis, Simon. "Don't Take Consciousness for Granted." Speech. Ted Partner Series. 29 Sept. 2011. TED Talks. July 2011. Web. 29 Sept. 2011..  Hankin, David. “Implantable Microstimulator System: Artificial Nervous System” Annual Conference. Presentation slides from 14 June 2008. Web. 29 Sept. 2011.. USED WITH PERMISSION OF THE ALFRED E MANN FOUNDATION  Taylor, Paul. "The Use of Electrical Stimulation for Correction of Dropped Foot in Subjects with Upper Motor Neurone Lesions." National Clinical FES Centre. Web. 30 Sept. 2011..