1. Soil-transmitted Helminthes Yemeng Lu

2. Overview Infectious Agents Infectious Agents Prevalence Prevalence Transmission Transmission Health Problems Health Problems Treatment Treatment Control Control Public health image library database (PHIL) of the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC)

3. The causal agents of soil-transmitted helminthiasis are three type of worms Prevalence Infectious Agents TransmissionHealth Problems Treatment Control Ascaris lumbricoides (Roundworms) Trichuris trichura (Whipworms) Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworms) Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern Image Library

4. Prevalence Infectious Agents TransmissionHealth Problems Treatment Control Partners for Parasite Control: Fact Sheet

5. Severe and heavy helminth infections cause more than 150,000 deaths annually Prevalence Infectious Agents TransmissionHealth Problems Treatment Control

6. “Three hundred million people are severely ill due to worms” Partners for Parasite Control: Newsletter Issue 1 Worm burdens exhibit a highly aggregated (over dispersed) distribution Certain individuals tend to be predisposed to heavy infections Genetics - Chromosome 1,13 Behavior Poverty Prevalence Infectious Agents TransmissionHealth Problems Treatment Control

7. Soil-Based Helminths are transmitted via two mechanisms: ingestion and penetration Prevalence Infectious Agents Transmission Health Problems Treatment Control Partners for Parasite Control: Newsletter Issue 1

8. Prevalence Infectious Agents Transmission Health Problems Treatment Control A. lumbricoides is the largest of the intestinal nematodes affecting humans

9. Soil-transmitted helminthes produce a wide range of intestinal, nutritional and developmental health problems. Prevalence Infectious Agents Transmission Health Problems Treatment Control http://curezone.us/image_gallery/parasites/

10. STH infections are treatable with anthelmintic drugs ="deworming" Prevalence Infectious Agents TransmissionHealth Problems Treatment Control Modified from Helminth control in school-age children Partners for Parasite Control The cost of treatment is less than $0.25 per person per year.

11. STH infections are treatable with anthelmintic drugs ="deworming" Prevalence Infectious Agents TransmissionHealth Problems Treatment Control Roundworm Whipworm

12. Albendazole impairs the assembly of microtubules in worm cells and prevent glucose uptake Albendazole Tubulin Assembly into microtubules Cellular transport mechanisms Worm intestinal cells Glucose Rectal Expulsion

13. Anthelmintic drug treatment combined with improved sanitation and health Education can reduce transmission and infection Prevalence Infectious Agents TransmissionHealth Problems Treatment Control Helminth control in school-age children

14. Citation: Hotez PJ, Bundy DA, et al. Helminth Infections: Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis. In: Jamison DT, Measham AR, Alleyne G, eds. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2 nd ed. New York, NY: World Bank/Oxford University Press; 2006 Chapter 24. De Silva N. R., Chan M. S., Bundy D. A. P. Morbidity and Mortality Due to Ascariasis: Re-estimation and Sensitivity Analysis of Global Numbers at Risk. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 1997; 2: 519–28. Montresor A, Crompton DW, Gyorkos TW, Savioli L, et al. Helminth Control in School-age Children: A Guide for Managers of Control Programmes. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002: 1-35. Issue 1: Introduction. Action Against Worms. Partners for Parasite Control. March 2003. Fact sheet: Soil-transmitted helminthes. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/wormcontrol/documents/fact_sheets/soil_transmitted_helminths/en/index.html; 2010; April 2 nd 2010. Schmidt J. Effects of benzimidazole anthelmintics as microtubule-active drugs on the synthesis and transport of surface glycoconjugates in Hymenolepis microstoma, Echinostoma caproni, and Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology Research. 1998 May;84(5):362-8. Roos MH, Kwa MS, Veenstra JG, Kooyman FN, Boersema JH. Molecular aspects of drug resistance in parasitic helminths. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1993 Nov;60(2):331-6. Lacey E. The role of the cytoskeletal protein, tubulin, in the mode of action and mechanism of drug resistance to benzimidazoles. International Journal for Parasitology 1988 Nov;18(7):885-936. Ascariasis, Parasite and Health; Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern, Center for Disease Control; http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/Ascariasis.htm; July 2009; April 2nd 2010.