1. Error Analysis for Material Point Method and a case study from Gas Dynamics Le-Thuy Tran and Martin Berzins Thanks to DOE for funding from 1997-2008

2. Material Point Method (MPM) Outline History See Brackbill IJNMF 2005 47 693-705 1963 Harlow PIC methods then CiC ViC methods 1980s -90s Flip methods Brackbill et al. 1990s Sulsky Brackbill MPM-PIC 2000+ Sulsky et al. + GIMP Bardenhagen et al Since then proved effective on difficult problems involving large deformations fracture e.g CSAFE [Guilkey et al.] + [Sulsky et al ] + [Brydon] etc etc A KEY ISSUE NOW IS THE THEORETICAL UNDERPINNING OF THE METHOD.

3. 1 2 3 4 5 The Material Point Method (MPM) 6 Handles deformation, contact, high strain Particles with properties (velocity, mass etc) defined on a mesh Particle properties mapped onto mesh points Forces, accelerations, velocities calculated on mesh points Mesh point motion calculated but only the particles moved by mapping velocities back to particles Errors at each stage of this process

4. Explicit MPM Algorithm Errors Particle to grid projection Projection Error Interpolation from grid back to particles Interpolation Error Time integration of particles Time Error Finite element + mass matrix lumping FE +Mass Error Analysis of mesh/particle interplay from [Grigorev,Vshivkov and Fedoruk PIC 2002] - more particles may not be better on a given mesh. Both cell size and particles per cell matter. 1D : 4-8 particles per cell is optimal

5. …. MPM Basis Overview grid basis fns particle basis fns Or delta fn.. S (x) i point Velocity point mass

6. Forward Euler time integration Local errors are second order in time Global error is first order in time Second derivatives of x and v are involved in error estimates These terms may be discontinuous n+1 V n.b. semi-implicit

7. Acceleration continuous but its derivative is not Because of linear basis functions and moving points Limits global accuracy To first order

8. Limits global accuracy To first order Particle Acceleration Derivative Potentially Discontinuous as Particle Crosses Boundary

9. Particle Methods applied to Euler Equations Energy Density Pressure Positive density requires Note differing particle velocity gradients in different cells may lead to new extrema when particles cross over cells Acceleration

10. Arbitrary point Quadrature Error [Hickernell] Where

11. Mass Projection Error First order in space for small mesh sizes, and may achieve a second order of convergence for large mesh.

12. Momentum projection error Momentum projection error is also first order in space for small mesh sizes, and second order of convergence for large mesh.

13. Force Projection Error Using Hickernel: Force Projection Error is first order in space for small mesh sizes, and may achieve up to second order of convergence for large meshes.

14. Force Projection Error(cont.)

15. Nodal Acceleration Projection Error Acceleration projection error is one order less in space than the order of convergence for Force projection error and mass projection error, since mass is first order in space.

16. Nodal Velocity projection (particle to grid) error Let: is first order in space so the order of velocity projection error is determined by

17. Nodal velocity projection error(cont) So velocity projection error has constant order as the mesh size get smaller. The velocity error for different mesh sizes

18. Velocity gradient projection error

19. Velocity gradient projection error(cont) Velocity projection error at nodes for h: Velocity projection error at nodes for 2h: With:,We have:

20. Velocity gradient projection error Therefore: So velocity gradient projection error is the same order as velocity projection error.

21. Final Error Combination Region 1 and Region 3 capture the error at left and right rarefaction Region 4 captures the error at contact discontinuity Region 6 captures the error at shock-front Region 2 is the region of smooth solution of density and velocity Region 5 contains the error propagation from the shock-front

22. Final Error Combination(cont.) hL1-NormL2-Norm 0.010.008308330.0158701 0.0050.004335780.0104553 0.00250.002305070.0075895 0.001250.001263510.0057596 0.0006250.001099630.0061870 0.00031250.001012560.0062115

23. Burgers’ Problem Solving with MPM: Follow the consequence steps of standard MPM method.

24. Burgers’ Problem(cont.) h=0.01 h=0.005h=0.0025h=0.00125h=0.000625 Update Velocity Using Exact Acceleration ε=0.0452.67e-41.24e-46.07e-53.03e-51.52e-5 ε=0.042.67e-41.25e-46.09e-43.06e-51.53e-5 ε=0.032.78e-41.27e-46.19e-43.09e-51.55e-5 ε=0.022.97e-41.24e-46.16e-43.10e-51.55e-5 ε=0.015.34e-41.58e-46.18e-43.10e-51.55e-5 Update Velocity Using Calculated Acceleration ε=0.0459.82e-45.39e-42.84e-41.42e-47.09e-5 ε=0.048.54e-44.61e-42.35e-41.17e-45.86e-5 ε=0.035.97e-43.20e-41.61e-48.05e-44.03e-4 ε=0.023.73e-41.93e-49.91e-54.95e-42.47e-4 ε=0.014.12e-41.51e-46.52e-53.20e-41.60e-5 Error at T=0.5 for different mesh sizes:

25. Conclusions Nodal mass, momentum and force projection error converges with order Nodal acceleration projection error is order Nodal velocity projection error is order Nodal velocity gradient projection error is the same order with velocity projection error The overall error at particles as density, energy… will stop converging as the mesh size get smaller.