1. Exploring Electrical Technology Reaction to Ben Franklin’s Electricity & Lightning Rod http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_rod www.windsun.com/.../Lightning_Protection.htm

2. Drama in the French Academy Abbe Nollet Abbe Nollet http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/nollet.html

3. Drama in the French Academy Comte de Buffon Comte de Buffon www.neumann-walter.de/buch-2008-01_E.html dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/209644

4. Drama in the French Academy Jean-Francois Dalibard Jean-Francois Dalibard

5. Drama in the French Academy Franklin’s book & experiments Franklin’s book & experiments www.uh.edu/engines/ei510.htm

6. Franklin’s Side Proposed drawing lightning from the sky Proposed drawing lightning from the sky Had not yet done it himself by 1752 Had not yet done it himself by 1752 Franklin’s kite experiment Franklin’s kite experiment edhird.wordpress.com/.../

7. Lightning Collecting Popular: Popular: Casualties Casualties –George Wilhelm Richmann That Franklin escaped such dangers: a miracle? That Franklin escaped such dangers: a miracle? www.russia-ic.com/people/general/r/115/ www.viswiki.com/en/Georg_Wilhelm_Richmann

8. Impact: Franklin’s Lightning Rod Practical applications: Practical applications: Guarded acceptance: Guarded acceptance: Superstitions revealed: Superstitions revealed:

9. To Use the Rod or Not? Superstitious view Superstitious view Effectiveness of the Rod Effectiveness of the Rod

10. Franklin Fails to Convince Most Church Leaders Franklin’s response Franklin’s response Church leaders: Church leaders: Conclusion: Conclusion:

11. Nollet Opposes Rod Motivation: Motivation: Approach: Approach:

12. Should Rods be Pointed or Blunt? Wilson Wilson Franklin Franklin Issue became political Issue became political

13. Summary on Franklin’s Reputation 1 of most noted & respected scientists in his day 1 of most noted & respected scientists in his day Much more respected overseas Much more respected overseas

14. Summary on Franklin’s Theory Held a 1-fluid theory Held a 1-fluid theory Called an object with excess fluid “electrised positive” Called an object with excess fluid “electrised positive” Thought the fluid attracted ordinary matter but repelled itself Thought the fluid attracted ordinary matter but repelled itself

15. Franklin’s Contributions One-Fluid Theory of Electricity One-Fluid Theory of Electricity Terms Positive (+) & Negative (-) Terms Positive (+) & Negative (-) Demonstrated electricity in Nature (lightning electricity same as gen. in lab) Demonstrated electricity in Nature (lightning electricity same as gen. in lab) Principle of Conservation of Charge Principle of Conservation of Charge Electrostatic induction & conduction Electrostatic induction & conduction Recommended practice of grounding Recommended practice of grounding Invented the Lightning Rod Invented the Lightning Rod

16. Significance of Lightning Rod (Beyond its Practical Value) Electrical phenomena occur in nature Electrical phenomena occur in nature Confirmed Bacon’s prediction Confirmed Bacon’s prediction Promoted value of lightning experiments Promoted value of lightning experiments

17. Contemporaries of Franklin Beccaria: an Italian chair of physics at the University of Turin (1748) Beccaria: an Italian chair of physics at the University of Turin (1748) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Turin

18. Contemporaries of Franklin Aepinus: an applied mathematician, astronomer at Berlin Academy in Germany (1755) Aepinus: an applied mathematician, astronomer at Berlin Academy in Germany (1755)

19. Contemporaries of Franklin Priestly: an English clergyman, political theorist and physical scientist Priestly: an English clergyman, political theorist and physical scientist –In 1767 published The History and Present State of Electricity and Present State of Electricity –Predicted inverse square law of electrical attraction based on his own observations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley

20. Contemporaries of Franklin Cavendish: a wealthy, Cambridge educated physicist Cavendish: a wealthy, Cambridge educated physicist http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish

21. Contemporaries of Franklin Coulomb: French physicist, experienced military engineer Coulomb: French physicist, experienced military engineer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb

22. Coulomb Discovers and Gets Credit for Inverse Square Law (ISL) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law

23. Instrumentation During the 4 th Period (1760-90) Devices invented and developed to both generate large amounts of charge as well as measure small amounts of it sensitively Devices invented and developed to both generate large amounts of charge as well as measure small amounts of it sensitively

24. Era of Early Electrical Science Ends; Launches A New Age of Electricity Instrumentation sets the stage at the end of the 18 th century for the turn of the 19 th Instrumentation sets the stage at the end of the 18 th century for the turn of the 19 th Enter two Italians Enter two Italians –Luigi Galvani –Allessandro Volta Their contribution launched electricity into the age of truly life changing applications Their contribution launched electricity into the age of truly life changing applications