1. Lecture 7 Jan 28, 2010

2. 2 HW 3 Homework for next Tuesday 1.Potential customers: What are the top three segments (consumer) or top three companies (B to B) 2.Write script for interview 3.Show a plan for Market Research... 1.Secondary 1.Internet, Publications,e.g., Trade Journals 2.Marketing reports (free if possible) 2.Primary 1.Identify Experts 2.Show Schedule and continue Interviews 1. Of experts 2. Of potential customers

3. 3 Secondary Research Kristin Buton Caltech libraries

4. 4 Marketing 101 The 4 Ps

5. 5 What is Marketing? 4 Ps of Marketing Product Promotion Pricing Place (or distribution system) What follows is necessary for Business Plan but not for Tuesday Homework

6. Product What is your product? Describe in terms of benefit to the customer Product packaging (is this relevant?) – Discuss form-factor, pricing, look, strategy – Summarize Cost of Goods and high-level Bill of Materials – Shipping issues – Customs issues

7. Promotion Direct marketing – Overview of strategy, vehicles & timing – Overview of response targets, goals & budget Third-party marketing – Co-marketing arrangements with other companies Marketing programs – Other promotional programs

8. Pricing – Summarize specific pricing or pricing strategies – Compare to similar products or compare to doing nothing Strategy – Summarize strategy relevant to understanding key pricing issues

9. Placement (Distribution) Distribution strategy Channels of distribution – Summarize channels of distribution Distribution by channel – Show plan of what percent share of distribution will be contributed by each channel -- a pie chart might be helpful Discuss fulfillment issues

10. Vertical Markets/Segments Vertical market opportunities – Discuss specific market segment opportunities – Address distribution strategies for those markets or segments – Address use of third-party partner role in distribution to vertical markets

11. Placement (International) International distribution – Address distribution strategies – Discuss issues specific to international distribution International pricing strategy Localization issues – Highlight requirements for local product variations

12. Marketing Summary Some good references Marketing – Marketing Triangle – Market Segmentation – Technology Adoption Curve – Interview Process – Forming Hypotheses – Creating a Vision Statement – 4 Ps

13. Strategy and Competition What is your company’s plan for gaining competitive advantage?

14. Tools and Models Business – Creation of Models – Ecosystem – Porter’s Forces – SWOT – Differentiation – Disruptive Technologies

15. A Business Ecosystem Think of the business as a occupying an ecological niche in a rapidly changing environment What are some of the ways you could characterize this environment? – Competitors – Suppliers – Customers – Government – Others?

16. Six Forces Diagram to Determine how Competitive a Company is (after Porter) Your Business Power, Vigor and Competence of Existing Competitors Power, Vigor and Competence of Customers Power, Vigor and Competence of Complementors Power, Vigor and Competence of Suppliers Power, Vigor and Competence of Potential Competitors Possibility that what your business is doing can be done in a different way

17. The intensity of competitive rivalry (known) – number of competitors – rate of industry growth – intermittent industry overcapacity – exit barriers – diversity of competitors – informational complexity and asymmetry – brand equity – fixed cost allocation per value added – level of advertising expense

18. The threat of new entrants – the existence of barriers to entry Have a hub IP Gov license Limited market R&D costs Economies of scale Factory Knowing market – Economies of product differences – Brand equity – switching costs – capital requirements – access to distribution – absolute cost advantages – learning curve advantages – expected retaliation – government policies

19. Discussion Is it a good thing to have competition in your market? – Existing – New entries?

20. The bargaining power of suppliers – supplier switching costs relative to firm switching costs – degree of differentiation of inputs – presence of substitute inputs – supplier concentration to firm concentration ratio – threat of forward integration by suppliers relative to the threat of backward integration by firms – cost of inputs relative to selling price of the product – importance of volume to supplier – Examples?

21. The bargaining power of customers – buyer concentration to firm concentration ratio – bargaining leverage – buyer volume – Buyer switching costs relative to firm switching costs – buyer information availability – ability to backward integrate – availability of existing substitute products – buyer price sensitivity – price of total purchase – Examples?

22. The bargaining power of complementors – Relative strengths – Customer perception – Future R&D – Switching costs – Trust – ability to sideways integrate – Anti-trust – Competition for margin – Examples?

23. Six Forces Diagram to Determine how Competitive a Company is (after Porter) Your Business Power, Vigor and Competence of Existing Competitors Power, Vigor and Competence of Customers Power, Vigor and Competence of Complementors Power, Vigor and Competence of Suppliers Power, Vigor and Competence of Potential Competitors Possibility that what your business is doing can be done in a different way

24. Six Forces Diagram to Determine how Competitive a Company is (after Porter) Your Business Power, Vigor and Competence of Existing Competitors Power, Vigor and Competence of Customers Power, Vigor and Competence of Complementors Power, Vigor and Competence of Suppliers Power, Vigor and Competence of Potential Competitors Possibility that what your business is doing can be done in a different way

25. Six Forces Diagram to Determine how Competitive a Company is (with 10X disruptive force) Your Business Power, Vigor and Competence of Existing Competitors Power, Vigor and Competence of Customers Power, Vigor and Competence of Complementors Power, Vigor and Competence of Suppliers Power, Vigor and Competence of Potential Competitors Possibility that what your business is doing can be done in a different way. Disruptively!

26. The threat of substitute products – buyer propensity to substitute – relative price performance of substitutes – buyer switching costs – perceived level of product differentiation

29. SWOT Analysis Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats by James Manktelow, editor of Mind Tools and an experienced business strategist.James Manktelow Strengths (with respect to competitors): What advantages do you have? What do you do well? What relevant resources do you have access to? What do other people see as your strengths? Be sure to distinguish a strength in the market, from a necessity. Look from the customers perspective!

30. Weaknesses: What could you improve? What do you do badly? What should you avoid?

31. Opportunities: Where are the good opportunities? What are the interesting trends you are aware of? Useful opportunities can come from such things as: Changes in technology and markets on both a broad and narrow scale Changes in government policy related to your field Changes in social patterns, population profiles, lifestyle changes, etc.

32. Threats: What obstacles do you face? What is your competition doing? Are the required specifications for your job, products or services changing? Is changing technology threatening your position? Do you have bad debt or cash-flow problems? Could any of your weaknesses seriously threaten your business? You can also apply SWOT analysis to your competitors. This may produce some interesting insights!

33. Example: A start-up small consultancy business Strengths: Can respond very quickly as we have no red tape, no need for higher management approval, etc. Can provide really good customer care, as current small amount of work means we have plenty of time to devote to customers Our lead consultant has strong reputation within the market We can change direction quickly if we find that our marketing is not working We have little overhead, so can offer good value to customers Weaknesses: Our company has no market presence or reputation We have a small staff with a shallow skills base in many areas We are vulnerable to vital staff being sick, leaving, etc. Our cash flow will be unreliable in the early stages

34. Opportunities: Our business sector is expanding, with many future opportunities for success Our locality wants to encourage local businesses with work where possible Our competitors may be slow to adopt new technologies Threats: Will developments in technology change this market beyond our ability to adapt? A small change in focus of a large competitor might wipe out any market position we achieve The consultancy might therefore decide to specialize in rapid response, good value services to local businesses. Marketing would be in selected local publications, to get the greatest possible market presence for a set advertising budget. The consultancy should keep up-to-date with changes in technology

35. Key points: SWOT analysis is a framework for analyzing your strengths and weaknesses, and the opportunities and threats you face. This will help you to focus on your strengths, minimize weaknesses, and take the greatest possible advantage of opportunities available.

36. Attacking entrenched competition Why is it difficult?

37. Bill Davidow (Intel, Mohr Davidow) “Marketing High Technology- an insiders view”, William H. Davidow 1985 – If you attack a well-established competitor, you must plan on spending ~70% of the sales of the competitive leader has spent in building his business. Why is this so?

38. Cost of Attacking a Competitor Investment required to – Establish market presence – Establish distribution channels – Develop a product line – Plants – Equipment – Inventory – Working Capital

39. Knowledge is incomplete Entrepreneurial bias (truth hurts!) Underestimate what it takes to achieve position (Discount Davidow thesis) They have solved problems that perhaps you don’t know existed The competition may not even be a player at present but is plotting in labs even as you are. (Particularly true in high-visibility areas such as homeland defense) You don’t know what you don’t know. Consider the broader problem- why is it easy to underestimate the competition?

40. What does the entrenched competition have? Assume a “good” company or companies By definition they have market share Brand Management A product that generally satisfies the market. Knowledge of the Customer – Sales Force – Distribution Technology relationships Technology Strengths Industry knowledge of trends – Industry groups Supplier relationships Distribution relationships $$$$$ for response

41. Attacking an entrenched competitor working on an “old” technology Rate of Progress Of “Old” Technology Number of researchers working to advance technology

42. Attacking an entrenched competitor working on an “old” technology Rate of Progress Of “Old” Technology Number of researchers working to advance technology You.

43. Common pitfalls The competition is not important because It doesn’t exist Anywhere in concept, space and time? We are disruptive Overused word! We are not attacking them head on The perils of “The Matrix” with you in the sweet spot

44. Common pitfalls We are dis-intermediating them- rendering them irrelevant E-Commerce- the example of E-Toys, Webvan, Pets.com, etc., etc. B2Bs- the example of WholesaleExchange Amazon vs Barnes and Noble

45. What are some of their weaknesses? Large company – Bureaucracy – Slow decision making in Meetings Structure Silos – Career avoidance of failure – Annual funding cycle – Complacence – others Small company – Harder to respond to an attack to the side of their business – Overcommittment – Others

46. Additional Reasons related to missing disruptive technologies Wrong Value Network – Context of corporation’s business leads to missing competition arising from outside Organizational Structure – Companies organized by a products substructure fail when fundamental architecture changes Core Competencies – Firms fail when a technological change destroyed the value of competencies previously cultivated and succeeded when new technologies enhanced them

47. Additional Reasons related to missing disruptive technologies Technology S-curves – Firms fail when they miss inflection points along their main product thrust and specifically when they miss technologies advancing in related fields Wishful thinking

48. Blinders – Arrogance – Tunnel vision Well-defined positions The problem with success

49. Thoughts on countering competition Look for weaknesses – Dissatisfied customers e.g., quality – Unaddressed pain – Cracks in supply chain – Geographic hole Address with Total Customer Satisfaction Address with Total product- addresses all the pain Don’t attack an entrenched position frontally! Think twice about competing on cost Find a (neglected?) niche Have proprietary technology that “changes the game” – i.e., 10X improvement

50. More thoughts Have understanding of the market on your team Hire from your customer or best competitor Have leadership that either has a track record or learns fast. Think strategically – How will the big guys respond? How would you counter that response? Focus on a few key customers Keep under the radar screen? Speed! Fail quickly and correct

51. Kent Kresa’s game theory checkerboard Put each of your competitors on a “checkerboard”. From what you know of them (SWOT analysis). What move would they make if you were to enter the market with your product? How could you counter that move a priori or afterwards? What other moves could they make to counter you?

52. Disruptive Technologies Why do some good companies fail? – Companies that are well-managed and progressive listen to their customers study and act on market trends invest significant resource in R&D allocate capital to provide the best return – in short do all the “right things” and are held as paragons for their success....and then collapse

53. Disruptive Vs Sustaining Technology Sustaining Technology can be incremental or radical improve the performance of established products along the trajectory that mainstream customers have historically valued

54. Examples of Sustaining Technologies Semiconductor process technologies Automotive technologies e.g. IC engines DRAM, CISC microprocessor Jet Engines Construction Factory automation

55. Examples of Disruptive Technologies? Internet MEMS Disk Drive Genetic Engineered foods Genetic Engineered drugs Wal-Mart, Dell inventory management Hybrid Vehicles Small Turbines Fuel Cells Biotech What companies are Vulnerable?

56. Disruptive technologies

57. Why do good companies miss the revolution? Companies depend on investors and customers for resources – requires high profits – requires following the lead of customers who may themselves be blindsided mainframe industry minicomputer industry Markets that don’t exist can’t be analyzed Technology Supply may not meet market demand

58. Are these companies clueless? Not every technology that looks disruptive is feasible. You cannot chase every possible disruptive technology to cover all your bets Even for technologies which are well-researched and appear to be potentially disruptive can be very difficult to bring to market Companies are unable to allocate sufficient resource to test marketing them because they will always fail any rational allocation process (we will discuss how this allocation process called portfolio management works in the future) – Their normal customers aren’t interested – The markets seem small and uncertain – Resource for main line technologies will receive the dominant share to maintain sales growth and profits

59. Opportunity for Entrepreneurial company Look for need not being served now by big company Look for a 10X cost reduction to service these companies After you have established yourself, move up market and attack big company with a much cheaper, solution for their customers. Think main frames to minis to micro

60. Overconfidence Paranoia ? Where are you in this spectrum?