1. Detection Methods Coherent ↔ Incoherent Photon Detection ↔ Bolometric Photon Counting ↔ Integrating

2. Radio Telescopes Typical Designs Heterodyne Receivers

3. Jansky’s First Radio Telescope 1933

4. Grote Reber: 1937 Radio Telescope

5. The Arecibo Radio Telescope

10. Heterodyne Receivers Mix signal and local oscillator Mixed signal contains “intermediate frequency” f_signal – f_local but also the sum of the frequencies

11. Heterodyne Signal Detection

16. MM and Sub-MM Telescopes Use both coherent and incoherent detection Heterodyne receivers for emission-lines Mostly bolometers for continuum

17. Millimeter Valley on Mauna Kea

19. NGC 6334

21. SMA Receivers

22. Bolometers Absorb and thermalize photons Measure temperature change Balance between heating and cooling results in long time constants Typically used in chopped operation

29. Transition Edge Sensors: Extreme sensitivity to small temperature changes allows to build very sensitive bolometer arrays

31. Photocathods The photoelectric effect Quantum nature of light Photomultipliers, channel plates …

38. Photocathod Devices Cathods Photomultiplier Image intensifiers Microchannel plates

43. Physics of Semiconductors Basic Quantum Physics Solids Semiconductors PN Junctions

51. Semiconductors Conduction in semiconductors Doping

60. PN Junctions Formation of pn junction Rectifying properties Charge separating properties

70. Electronics PN junctions and photodiodes Field Effect transistors Logic devices Analog switches Operational amplifiers A practical example

71. Field Effect Transistor Junction FET (JFET) Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) CMOS circuits (Complementary Oxide Semiconductor)

81. Fabrication of Integrated Circuits Doping Depositing metal Growing oxides (as isolators) All controlled by photoresist masking

82. HAWAII-2: Photolithographically Abut 4 CMOS Reticles to Produce Each 2048 2 ROIC Twelve 2048 2 ROICs per 8” Wafer 2048 2 Readout Provides Low Read Noise for Visible and MWIR

83. 3-D Barrier to Prevent Glow from Reaching the Detector