6. Kunwardeep Sohal, PGY 3

7. A purulent infection of skeletal muscle that arises from hematogenous spread, usually with abscess formation Classically an infection of the tropics, although it has been recognized in temperate climates with increasing frequency (most ly in adults, with males affected more than females) Most patients with tropical pyomyositis are otherwise healthy without underlying comorbidities, while most patients in temperate regions are immunocompromised or have other serious underlying conditions

8. Immunodeficiency: HIV, Diabetes, Malignancy, Cirrhosis, Renal Insufficiency, Organ Transplantation and Immunosuppressive agents HIV particularly important; the predisposition to pyomyositis is unclear, but factors may include immune compromise, primary HIV myopathy, antiretroviral therapy, and increased rates of staphylococcal carriage In a review of 98 cases in North America, about half of pyomyositis patients with underlying medical conditions were seropositive for HIV (Clin Infect Dis 1992)

9. Trauma: about 25-50% of patients with pyomyositis report a history of trauma. In addition, pyomyositis has been described in temperate regions among athletes performing vigorous exercise, suggesting the potential role of minor muscle damage in the pathogenesis of the disease Postulation? Possibly related to hematoma formation, followed by infection or increased perfusion due to trauma (making this area a favorable environment for bacteria with additional iron being provided)

10. Injection drug use, and concurrent infection (toxocariasis-cat or dog roundworm, varicella infection)

11. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of pyomyositis; it causes up to 90 percent of tropical cases and up to 75 percent of temperate cases (with MRSA and community acquired strains becoming the most dominant) Group A streptococci is the second most common pathogen Usually polymicrobial in diabetic patients

12. Hallmark: fever and pain/cramping in single muscle group Occurs most often in lower extremities (sites include the thigh, calf and gluteal muscles) Multifocal infection with involvement of more than one muscle group may be observed in up to 20 percent of cases

13. Stage 1: crampy local muscle pain, swelling, and low-grade fever mild leukocytosis induration of affected muscle may be present; no fluctuation; deep abscess may not be discretely palpable, but the muscle may have a "woody" texture on palpation  2% of patients present at this stage Stage 2: usually 10-21 days after onset of symptoms characterized by fever, exquisite muscle tenderness, and edema frank abscess may be clinically apparent marked leukocytosis  90% present at this stage

14. Stage 3: systemic toxicity, affected muscle is fluctuant Complications of S. aureus bacteremia such as septic shock, endocarditis, septic emboli, pneumonia, and ARF may be present Course and presentation is variable with most presenting in Stage 2, however can be indolent, a delay in diagnosis in such cases may result in involvement of multiple muscle groups, requiring prolonged therapy **Occurs as a result of bacteremia, must r/o endocarditis!

15. Muscle strain Contusion Hematoma Cellulitis DVT Osteomyelitis Septic arthritis Neoplasm Clostridial myonecrosis vs necrotizing fasciitis vs spontaneous gangrenous myositis vs diabetic muscle infarction vs septic arthritis and other forms of myositis

16. Radiology, cultures and lab data Radiology: Computed tomography (CT) is helpful for detecting muscle swelling and well-delineated areas of fluid attenuation and rim enhancement with contrast (VIR directed drainage); MRI picks up subtle differences in terms of extent in muscle Cultures: positive in up to 10 percent of tropical cases and 35 percent of temperate cases Lab data: leukocytosis with shift, elevated inflammatory markers (ESR, CRP), eosinophilia should raise suspicion for a concomitant parasitic infection **Counterintuitively, CK levels are often normal

17. Although stage 1 pyomyositis can be treated with antibiotics alone, most patients present with stage 2 or 3 disease and therefore require both antibiotics and drainage for definitive management Drainage: CT-guided percutaneous drainage is the modality of choice when feasible However, in the setting of deep infection or extensive muscle involvement with significant necrosis, surgical intervention may be required Diagnostic drainage can also be performed initially to direct antibiotic therapy

18. Abx: For immunocompetent individuals, initial empiric parenteral antibiotic therapy should be directed against staphylococci and streptococci Empiric therapy for MRSA should be initiated for patients with a previous episode of proven MRSA infection, patients with risk factors for MRSA, and patients with systemic toxicity In addition, it should be considered in communities where the prevalence of MRSA is greater than 30 percent For immunocompromised individuals, vancomycin may be combined with a broad spectrum regimen that has activity against gram-negatives and anaerobes

19. Duration: 3-4 weeks of parenteral therapy is usually sufficient, although patients with extensive, multifocal or poorly drained infection may warrant longer courses of therapy (obviously longer if endocarditis or osteo present)