1. Geography AS Managing Change in Human Environments Rural

2. Rural Homework Homework What are Urban and Rural Environments? What are Urban and Rural Environments? Changing Environments pp126-129Changing Environments pp126-129 Urban and Rural – how do we define them and what criteria are most important?Urban and Rural – how do we define them and what criteria are most important?

3. Rural Urban and Rural Urban and Rural Urban >20,000 (UN)Urban >20,000 (UN) Rural <10,000 (Countryside Agency)Rural <10,000 (Countryside Agency) Urban/rural fringeUrban/rural fringe Migration (urban and counter-urban)Migration (urban and counter-urban) PerceptionsPerceptions Chocolate box; poverty; adventure; awe; farming; conflicting; threatenedChocolate box; poverty; adventure; awe; farming; conflicting; threatened

5. Define Rurality Urban-rural continuum Urban-rural continuum GradationGradation Describe a journey from Leicester to Rugby along the A426 Describe a journey from Leicester to Rugby along the A426 People – demographics; density; employmentPeople – demographics; density; employment Land use; services; accessLand use; services; access Cloke, 77. Used above criteria to define extreme, intermediate and non-ruralCloke, 77. Used above criteria to define extreme, intermediate and non-rural Devise your own Index of Rurality Devise your own Index of Rurality Malham pics

6. Define Rurality Indices of Rurality Indices of Rurality PopulationPopulation Rail networkRail network InfrastructureInfrastructure Telecommunications / mobile coverageTelecommunications / mobile coverage Others?Others?  Leicester Harborough  http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/default.asp

7. Rural change Proximity to Urban areas Proximity to Urban areas Commuter belts / dormitory towns Commuter belts / dormitory towns Rural to urban migration Rural to urban migration Counter urbanisation (employment, retirement etc) Counter urbanisation (employment, retirement etc) Tourism Tourism Policy (NT, reserves, parks) Policy (NT, reserves, parks) E.g. MalhamE.g. Malham Time / stage of economic development Time / stage of economic development

8. Rural Environments How and why do rural environments vary in Landscape and character How and why do rural environments vary in Landscape and character Changing Environments pp 134-137Changing Environments pp 134-137

9. Rural Environments Variations in rural environments Variations in rural environments Physical- Climate, vegetation, soils, geology, waterPhysical- Climate, vegetation, soils, geology, water Economic – Farming, tourism, resourcesEconomic – Farming, tourism, resources Social and Cultural – Inheritance, religion, politicsSocial and Cultural – Inheritance, religion, politics

10. Rural MEDC v LEDC What are the differences between rural areas in MEDCs and LEDCs What are the differences between rural areas in MEDCs and LEDCs Lifestyle and traditionLifestyle and tradition Kenyan Highlands Maasi tribes – Nomadic Recent droughts and politics – Sedentary Kikuyu – Soils and rain – Bush Fallowing Colonial plantations (e.g. Brooke Bond)… Now broken into smaller farms TNCs – Flowers and peas Change; Overpopulation / rural to urban migration / Cash crops not good locally / overgrazing And soil erosion / basic rural services Tourism – Conflict of interest on game reserves Craven, N Yorkshire Sheep, dairy, textiles, quarrying. Mostly Declined by the 1990s Quarrying – mechanised Tourism – Honeypots New residents – Retirees / commuting / teleworking / local employment Teleworking / telecottaging

11. Learning Day How do you learn? How do you learn? Learning styles and multiple intelligences Learning styles and multiple intelligences Which styles suit you? Which styles suit you? Notes and note taking Notes and note taking Revision styles Revision styles Linguistic Mathematical Spatial Kinaesthetic Musical Interpersonal Intrapersonal Style / Techniques / Career Useful (and not so useful!) websites http://www.howtolearn.com/personal.html http://www.vark-learn.com/english/page.asp?p=questionnaire http://www.accelerated-learning-uk.co.uk/method/test_roundel_08.html

12. Intensive Farming Rural environmental problems resulting from agriculture Rural environmental problems resulting from agriculture 1.Agri-business and Agri-Chemicals 2.Hedgerows and soil erosion 3.Green Revolution 4.Gene Revolution Case Study – Intensification of lowland farming in East Anglia.Case Study – Intensification of lowland farming in East Anglia.

13. Intensive Farming Agri-business Agri-business AGRI-BUSINESS 1.Stubble burning 2.Habitat destruction 3.Animals indoors 4.Water pollution 5.Nitrate run-off 6.Biocide sprays 7.Slurry 8.Soil erosion 9.Social / built environ 10.Land exhaustion 11.Monoculture Inorganic Fertilisers Nitrate run-off Eutrophication Waste Chemical Biocides Organo-phosphates Wild fowl die LEDC misuse/poisoning Solutions? Mulching and crop rotation Mixed farming Organic methods Biological pest control Extensive cultivation Fines / taxes for users and abusers Limit biotechnology Use GM technology to improve yields and reduce the need for pesticides R7 R4

14. Intensive Farming Hedgerows Hedgerows Use water and nutrients and protect insects and pests. Mechanical obstaclesUse water and nutrients and protect insects and pests. Mechanical obstacles Loss of habitatLoss of habitat Soil Erosion Soil Erosion Water and wind erosionWater and wind erosion Land misuse/overgrazing/overuseLand misuse/overgrazing/overuse Large fields and removal of protective vegetative coverLarge fields and removal of protective vegetative cover Underlying causes are overpopulation and increasing need for food, fuel and space Underlying causes are overpopulation and increasing need for food, fuel and space Solutions 1. Terracing 2. Afforestation 3. Crop rotation / strips 4. Contour ploughing 5. Planting / hedgerows 6. Stone lines, repair stone walls 7. Manage cultivation and grazing R5

15. Intensive Farming Green Revolution Green Revolution Transfer of agri-technology and techniques from MEDC to LEDCTransfer of agri-technology and techniques from MEDC to LEDC E.g. “miracle” rice and wheatE.g. “miracle” rice and wheat Increase crop yields, reduce famine and develop agri-economyIncrease crop yields, reduce famine and develop agri-economy Sounds great………………?Sounds great………………? Detrimental effects of the Green Revolution Associated agri-business pressures of pollution, low biodiversity and intensive techniques Requirement for expensive irrigation and fertiliser schemes Increases debt and loses self-reliance Poor farmer cannot compete with large agri-business  Loss of Subsistence Farming culture  Increased rural to urban migration  Agricultural heritage (and the future of rural economy) disintegrates

16. Green Revolution Subsistence farming S, extensive farms G R Pesticides / Biocides F “M “ crops Expensive schemes I and F s Poorer farmers cannot compete Larger, I farms Agri-business associated problems Loss of s farming Culture and family ownership R to U migration Damage to rural e And increasing reliance on large agri-chemical TNCs

17. Green Revolution Subsistence farming Small, extensive farms Green Revolution Pesticides / Biocides Fertilisers Miracle crops Expensive schemes Irrigation and Fertilisers Poorer farmers cannot compete Larger, intensive farms Agri-business associated problems Loss of subsistence farming Culture and family ownership Rural to Urban migration Damage to rural economy And increasing reliance on large agri-chemical TNCs R8

20. Intensive Farming Gene Revolution Gene Revolution Genetically Modified crops (GM)Genetically Modified crops (GM) CloningCloning Cross fertilisation issues Cross fertilisation issues Health and safety Health and safety Ethics Ethics

21. Intensive Farming Case Study Case Study Intensification of lowland farming in East AngliaIntensification of lowland farming in East Anglia Eutrophication Eutrophication Soil erosion Soil erosion Loss of biodiversity Loss of biodiversity Agri-economy Agri-economy Handouts R 2, 4, 5, 7Handouts R 2, 4, 5, 7 Video – 294, 953Video – 294, 953 R2

22. Geofile - LEDCs

23. Intensive Farming Current and future issues Current and future issues ConservationConservation Environmental protectionEnvironmental protection Defra Agri-Schemes Defra Agri-Schemes Defra SubsidiesSubsidies PolicyPolicy

24. http://www.defra.gov.uk/ Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs England Rural Development Programme http://www.defra.gov.uk/erdp/default.htm Hectare conversions A unit of area equal to 10,000 square meters. Equivalent to 2.471 acres A unit of area equal to 10,000 square meters. Equivalent to 2.471 acres 0.01 sq km (1 sq km = 100 ha) 0.01 sq km (1 sq km = 100 ha)

25. Agri-schemes Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) 22 areas of England22 areas of England Landscape, Wildlife, Historic interestLandscape, Wildlife, Historic interest Farmers protect the area in return for payments (£5-£500/ha)Farmers protect the area in return for payments (£5-£500/ha) Conserve and enhance (e.g. hedges, ponds, buildings)Conserve and enhance (e.g. hedges, ponds, buildings)

26. Agri-schemes ESA ESA Countryside Stewardship Scheme Countryside Stewardship Scheme The Farm Woodland Premium Scheme The Farm Woodland Premium Scheme Hill Farm Allowance Hill Farm Allowance The Organic Farming Scheme The Organic Farming Scheme The Woodland Grant Scheme The Woodland Grant Scheme Energy Crops Scheme Energy Crops Scheme The Processing and Marketing Grant The Processing and Marketing Grant The Rural Enterprise Scheme The Rural Enterprise Scheme The Vocational Training Scheme The Vocational Training Scheme

27. Agri-schemes Environmental Stewardship (ES) Environmental Stewardship (ES) Replaces ESA, Countryside Stewardship and Organic Farming scheme in 2005Replaces ESA, Countryside Stewardship and Organic Farming scheme in 2005 BiodiversityBiodiversity Enhance landscapeEnhance landscape Protect historic environmentProtect historic environment Natural resource protectionNatural resource protection Promotion of public accessPromotion of public access Genetic conservationGenetic conservation Flood protectionFlood protection

29. Agricultural Policy AoA – Agreement on Agriculture AoA – Agreement on Agriculture CAP – Common Agricultural Policy CAP – Common Agricultural Policy Treaty of Rome, 1957Treaty of Rome, 1957 Prevent food shortage and manage prices without overproductionPrevent food shortage and manage prices without overproduction Intervention priceIntervention price Surpluses bought by Intervention board. Stored or dumped.Surpluses bought by Intervention board. Stored or dumped. Quotas (Milk, 1984)Quotas (Milk, 1984) Tariffs and import leviesTariffs and import levies Since CAPs inception, number of farmers dropped from 22m to 7m within the 6 founding CAP countries

30. Agricultural Policy CAP CAP Large quantities promotes large farms and overproductionLarge quantities promotes large farms and overproduction International markets can't compete (import levees and also surpluses dumped onto markets)International markets can't compete (import levees and also surpluses dumped onto markets) Rural to urban migrationRural to urban migration TNCs act as retailers, processors and distributorsTNCs act as retailers, processors and distributors Subsidies (Food First): A transfer of money from the taxpayers to large corporate farmers

31. Agricultural Policy AoA AoA Increase,market access (e.g. phase out quotas)Increase,market access (e.g. phase out quotas) TarificationTarification Reduced domestic support for agricultureReduced domestic support for agriculture Reduced export subsidiesReduced export subsidies Agenda 2000 – Reduce intervention pricesAgenda 2000 – Reduce intervention prices

32. Intensive Farming Green Revolution Green Revolution Transfer of agri-technology and techniques from MEDC to LEDCTransfer of agri-technology and techniques from MEDC to LEDC E.g. “miracle” rice and wheatE.g. “miracle” rice and wheat Increase crop yields, reduce famine and develop agri-economyIncrease crop yields, reduce famine and develop agri-economy Sounds great………………?Sounds great………………? Detrimental effects of the Green Revolution Associated agri-business pressures of pollution, low biodiversity and intensive techniques Requirement for expensive irrigation and fertiliser schemes Increases debt and loses self-reliance Poor farmer cannot compete with large agri-business  Loss of Subsistence Farming culture  Increased rural to urban migration  Agricultural heritage (and the future of rural economy) disintegrates

33. Green revolution Muda Basin Scheme, Malaysia Muda Basin Scheme, Malaysia 1970s irrigation scheme (Muda dam)1970s irrigation scheme (Muda dam) Trebled rice productionTrebled rice production Plight of the poorPlight of the poor Landholding situationLandholding situation Self sufficiency?Self sufficiency? New policiesNew policies Fertiliser provision and paddy support price Fertiliser provision and paddy support price See handout and videoSee handout and video India Quiz

34. Intensive Farming Gene Revolution Gene Revolution Genetically Modified crops (GM)Genetically Modified crops (GM) ForAgainst ForAgainst CloningCloning Cross fertilisation issues Cross fertilisation issues Health and safety Health and safety Ethics Ethics Handout Which?Online GMOs Nutrition Nutrition Resistance (disease and herbicides) Resistance (disease and herbicides) Tolerance Tolerance Shelf life Shelf life Allergies ad Toxins Allergies ad Toxins New diseases / strains New diseases / strains Cross pollination Cross pollination Reduce biodiversity Reduce biodiversity Cross contamination with non-GM Cross contamination with non-GM

35. Dam Projects Handout Handout Large Dams; Benefits and Problems Large Dams; Benefits and Problems Read and highlight Read and highlight

36. Three Gorges Dam Three Gorges Dam, China Three Gorges Dam, China LocationLocation Yichang, Hubei Province Yichang, Hubei Province

37. Three Gorges Dam, China Three Gorges Dam, China Culture and TourismCulture and Tourism

38. Three Gorges Dam, China Three Gorges Dam, China SchemeScheme

39. Dam Projects Three Gorges Dam, China Three Gorges Dam, China Yangtze River, China Yangtze River, China 20 Yrs, £45 billion 20 Yrs, £45 billion 600km “channel” reservoir 600km “channel” reservoir For; Control Flooding Life saving, property 85 billion KW HEP / year 50m tonnes coal, cleaner Economic development Navigation 10,000 tonne ships Trade and internal development Against; Cultural Sites and antiquities Social Resettlement (1.5m?) Compensation, unrest River dynamics Silting in reservoir Morphology and flow Pollution Web Resources Quiz

40. Dam Projects Narmada Valley project, India Narmada Valley project, India Narmada river, largest westward flowing river in India, 1300kmNarmada river, largest westward flowing river in India, 1300km 20 million inhabitants20 million inhabitants 3000 dams / 100 years3000 dams / 100 years Narmadar Sagar Dam Narmadar Sagar Dam Sardar Sarovar Dam Sardar Sarovar Dam Cost/benefitCost/benefit PoliticsPolitics Resettlement issuesResettlement issues

41. Narmada Valley Dam Builders

42. Narmada Valley Exercise Exercise In small groups, research the Narmada Valley schemeIn small groups, research the Narmada Valley scheme Prepare a short presentation for the groupPrepare a short presentation for the group Consider pros and cons, current issues and any issues specific to this schemeConsider pros and cons, current issues and any issues specific to this scheme Pros…Cons… Satellite Images

43. Narmada Scheme Review Review Pros and ConsPros and Cons Narmada specific issuesNarmada specific issues The future?The future? Narmada Video link Short slide show

44. Rural Futures MEDC v LEDC Rural environments MEDC v LEDC Rural environments Investment and development Investment and development Top downTop down Bottom upBottom up Sustainability Sustainability Appropriate technology Appropriate technology Rural economy Rural economy Rural futuresRural futures

45. Rural Futures Activity Activity Changing Environments pp 176 – 181Changing Environments pp 176 – 181 List NGOs List NGOs List Local Schemes List Local Schemes How do they work?How do they work? Why do they work?Why do they work? List Energy Production schemes List Energy Production schemes Pros and cons?Pros and cons?

46. Small Scale Rural Development MEDC / LEDC cooperation MEDC / LEDC cooperation Trade and AidTrade and Aid LoansLoans Top Down projectsTop Down projects Bottom up projectsBottom up projects Sustainability Sustainability Local schemesLocal schemes NGOsNGOs Action Aid Intermediate Tech Dev Grp Oxfam CAFOD Save the Children UNHCR Traidcraft UNICEF

47. Rural Futures Local Schemes Local Schemes Mozambique – Co-operatives Training, skills, reinvestment, diversification, Cultural re-alignment. E.g farming, water schemes and potteryMozambique – Co-operatives Training, skills, reinvestment, diversification, Cultural re-alignment. E.g farming, water schemes and pottery Mozambique – Health centresMozambique – Health centres Bangladesh – Drinking Water Forum for Drinking Water Supply. Wells and sanitationBangladesh – Drinking Water Forum for Drinking Water Supply. Wells and sanitation Indonesia – Water and sanitation UNICEF, basic materials and training. Women’s involvementIndonesia – Water and sanitation UNICEF, basic materials and training. Women’s involvement

48. Rural Futures Three projects Three projects Small scaleSmall scale Rural developmentRural development Agroforestry extension project, Highlands of SW Kenya Agroforestry extension project, Highlands of SW Kenya Soil conservation in S Kenya Soil conservation in S Kenya Appropriate Technology in Andhra Pradesh, India Appropriate Technology in Andhra Pradesh, India Habitat for HumanityHabitat for HumanityHabitat R10 Activity; How do these schemes impact local people?

49. Rural Futures Impacts of local schemes; Impacts of local schemes; YieldYield DietDiet Legal tenureLegal tenure HealthcareHealthcare EducationEducation EmpowermentEmpowerment AccessAccess WealthWealth HousingHousing WaterWater

51. 1 to 10 Quiz… Introducing modern intensive farming techniques to LEDCs Green revolution Immediate effects on farming of these techniques Increased Yield Long term effects on the rural economy of these techniques Smallholders outcompeted. Large aggressive exporting farms Push factors for rural LEDCs War, Famine, crop reliability, jobs, marriage, wealth Type of technology required for sustainable rural LEDC development Appropriate Technology Providing for this generation without compromising the needs of future generation (Jim) Sustainability Primary indicators for Quality of Life Housing conditions, environmental quality, questionnaires, imagery Secondary indicators for Quality of Life Census, life expectancy, tenure, car ownership, economic activity LEDC urban environmental issues resulting from industrialisation Brown Agenda Modern urban development appended to major urban area Edge City

52. Election Map of election results

53. With reference to a named rural area, examine some of the innovative solutions developed to ensure its survival. Location Location Andhra Pradesh, SE IndiaAndhra Pradesh, SE India Problems Problems Rural poverty, natural hazardsRural poverty, natural hazards Solutions Solutions NGO – Appropriate Reconstruction Training and Informations Centre (ARTIC)NGO – Appropriate Reconstruction Training and Informations Centre (ARTIC) Appropriate technology, involve villagers, work between government and villagersAppropriate technology, involve villagers, work between government and villagers ARTIC Oxfam ActionAid Innovative Solutions; Thrift Groups 500 Ha Trees 500 families with legal title Roads to 29 villages Electricity to 15 villages Increased literacy Empowering women Educating children Irrigation Micro hydro schemes Water wells Double cropping