1. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 1 Devices Couplers Isolators and Circulators Multiplexers and Filters Lasers and LEDs Detectors Amplifiers Switches

2. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 2 Couplers When two fibers are placed in proximity to each other, the signal are coupled from one fiber to another. The coupler are treated mathematically in exactly the same manner as a electrical RF-coupler with scattering parameters. Bild s84

3. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 3 Isolators and Circulators Isolators couples the signals in one direction and block the transmission in the other direction A circulator couples the signal to another port in a circular manner –Insertion loss is the power loss in the coupled direction (As low as possible) –Isolation is the loss in the blocked direction (As high as possible)

4. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 4 Isolator A isolator is using a combination of polarization filters and polarization rotators. –A single polarization isolator is simple. –A polarization independent isolator are using polarization splitters, a rotator and a /2-plate. Bild s88 Bild s 89:1

5. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 5 Circulator A circulator have similar operation as an isolator with more than two ports. The signal are coupled from port 1 to 2, 2 to 3 and so on. Bild s 89:2

6. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 6 Multiplexers and Filters In the optical domain there exist –Filters –Multiplexers and Demultiplexers –Wavelength Routers Bild s 91

7. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 7 Filters Filters are usually designed with Bragg grating Any periodic perturbation in the propagating medium serve as a Bragg grating (Usually refractive index). –The wavelength corresponding to the Bragg grating frequency are reflected while all other are transmitted. –The side lobes can be reduced by having smaller refractive index changes near the edges of the filter. Bild s 98

8. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 8 Fabry-Perot Filters Fabry-Perot Filter (Etalon) is fabricated by a cavity surrounded by two mirrors The transfer function of an etalon filter is periodical due to the multiple of standing waves in the cavity. Etalon is very simple and cheap. Bild s 103,105

9. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 9 Multi Layer Filters A single Etalon filter is very narrow banded. The bandwidth can be increased by using multiple cavities. Bild s 106,107:1

10. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 10 Add/Drop elements Add/Drop elements can be realized by a fiber gratings (isolator), a circulator and a coupler. Bild s 100

11. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 11 Multiplexers and Demultiplexers Static multiplexers can be realized using one multi-layer filters for each wavelength. The same device can be used as a multiplexer as well. Bild s 107:2

12. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 12 Wavelength Routers A Static wave-length router can be realized by using a few multiplexers and demultiplexers Bild s 92

13. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 13 Planar Lasers An amplifying medium is surrounded by two mirrors (one semi- transparent) The amplifying medium is mostly a quantum well Bild Agrawal s 96, 98

14. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 14 Planar Lasers The Laser must Be confined in one direction Gain Guided Laser –Oxide Strip –Junction Strip Index Guided Laser –Ridge wave guide structure –Etched mesa structure Bild Agrawal s 99,100

15. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 15 Lasers The semiconductor amplifier is wide- banded The monochromatic lasing wavelength is determined by the cavity surrounding the amplifier For low power, high reflectivity is required for lasing operation. –Cavity Laser (Fabry Perot Cavity) –Distributed Feedback Reflector (DFR) –Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) Bild Agrawal s 105, 107

16. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 16 Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL) The cavity is made of epitaxial layers. Possible to make very small devices Devices can be tested before assembly Bild Pessa 22:2

17. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 17 Pulse lasers For fast communication it is necessary to modulate the laser signal quickly. Bild Oleg 1-2

18. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 18 Saturable Absorber A saturable absorber change the absorption very quickly. By population inversion the absorption decreases. For short decay time the life-time of the absorber must be reduced –Introduce a trap level in the band-gap Bild Oleg 3-4

19. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 19 Pulse Amplifier Mode Lock Laser Short Pulse amplifier –The gain in the amplifier is constant –At the pulse the absorber bleaches, giving a net gain –Prior and after the pulse the absorber giving a net loss. Colliding Pulse Mode-Lock Laser –Two pulses together have enough energy to saturate the absorber. Bild Oleg 5-6

20. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 20 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Much Simpler and cheaper compared with lasers For many applications with short distances and low data rates LEDs are sufficient. A LED is a forward biased pn-junction, where the injected minority carriers recombine by spontaneous emission of light

21. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 21 LEDs Telecommunication LEDs can either be surface or edge emitting.

22. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 22 Detectors Telecommunication detectors are traditional pn- detectors PIN diodes are used to increase the efficiency Avalanche photodiodes are also used to increase the signal –To high amplification reduces noise performance

23. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 23 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOAs) A semiconductor amplifiers is realized as a semiconductor laser without mirrors Very short compared with fiber amplifiers Bild Reale

24. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 24 SOAs For high amplification and large bandwidth a very good antireflective coatings are necessary. –Difficult to achieve. The antireflectivity can be improved by: –Tilted stripe structure –Window faced structure Bild s 370, 369

25. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 25 SOAs SOAs are polarization dependent Multiple SOAs can be used to realize a polarization independent amplifier. Bild s 372

26. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 26 Electro-Optic Switch Electro-optic directional coupler switch Semiconductor Optical Amplifier switch –An optical amplifier where the amplifier bias switches the signal Bild s 155

27. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 27 All-Optical Regeneration Nonlinear Loop Mirror –Without control pulse: Reshaping –With control pulse: Retiming and reshaping A saturable absorber can be used as an optical gate for retiming and reshaping. Bild Oleg 7-8

28. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 28 All Optic Switch Loop Mirror –If the two signals are equal the signal are coupled to the input. –If the two signals experiences different absorption or index the signal are fully coupled to the output. The control signal saturates the SOA for a short moment. The two pulses reaches the SOA with a time difference, one where the amplified is saturated. The control pulse are filtered away The two other are based on Mach- Zehnder Interferometers. Bild Toliver

29. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 29 All Optic Switch Each data-pulse induces an non-linear refractive index change in the SOAs. Each clock pulse is split in two parts and passing the SOAs. The two pulses are interfering either destructively or constructively depending on the clock pulse arrival. Bild Nakamura, 2xUeno,

30. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 30 All-Optical Pulse Regeneration Electro optical timing and reshaping –All Optical signal path –Electrical signal for timing signal. For all Optical Pulse Regeneration only the clock recovery is missing Bild Oleg 5-6

31. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 31 Optical Clock Recovery For Optical Clock recovery a lasers which are able to create short pulses are required –Self Pulsating Laser –Mode Lock Laser Optical Clock recovery up to 40 Gbit/s have been achieved

32. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 32 Large Switches A multi-port switches can easily be realized using several 2:2 switches in a matrix. Bild s158

33. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 33 Wavelength converters Opto-electric approach Cross Gain Modulation in a SOA Bild s162, 164

34. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 34 Solitons Introduction Robustness Sliding-Frequency Filter Tapered Fibers Dispersion Managed Fibers Pulse-to-Pulse Interaction

35. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 35 Introduction Narrow pulses with high peak power and special shape. A soliton is not affected by dispersion. –The dispersion is exactly compensated by nonlinear effects in the fiber.

36. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 36 Robustness A soliton is, when once created very robust. A pulse where nonlinear effects not exactly compensate the dispersion is shifted towards this case. Solitons ”feels” only average parameters (fiber dispersion, fiber mode area, pulse energy) as long as the variations are faster than the soliton dispersion length. –Stable in systems with lumped amplifiers (L amp < z disp ). –Slow variation can be used for pulse reshaping (compression and broadening)

37. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 37 Sliding- Frequency Filter Etalon Filter can be used due to the narrow bandwidth of the soliton –Cheap and simple, compared with Gaussian filters –Same filter can be used for multiple channels Bild 17:1

38. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 38 Sliding- Frequency Filter The soliton adapts to successive slowly sliding-frequency shifting filters and moves in frequency –The noise cannot be moved in frequency, which is removed efficiently Bild 19:2

39. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 39 Sliding- Frequency Filter Noise Reduction Bild 20:2 Bild 21:1

40. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 40 Sliding- Frequency Filter Transfer Function In a long transmission line the transfer function looks like a step function. –Removing small signals and noise –Large signals are all given the same energy 24:2 25:1

41. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 41 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) In WDM, Solitons of different channels overtake and pass thought (Collide with) each other, which results in.

42. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 42 Tapered Fibers Some of the problems can be corrected by using a tapered fibers, where the dispersion decays exactly as the intensity. –Behaves like loss less, constant D-fiber The exponential dispersion can be replaced with an 3- step approximation. Bild 35:2

43. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 43 Gain Flatness Optical amplifiers have not a flat gain over several channels. After multiple amplifiers the signal power differs very much between channels. In Soliton transmission with filters the amplitude can be kept relative constant between the different channels. Bild 39:1

44. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 44 Gain Flatness Bild 40:2 Bild 39:2

45. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 45 Dispersion Managed Fibers Fibers with alternating dispersion where the pulses are true solitons only in a few points along the fiber. –All advantages of ’classical solitons’ –Power enhancement –Inexpensive and flexible design –High stability range –WDM

46. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 46 Pulse-to-Pulse Interaction The pulse-to-pulse interaction depends on the pulse width-spacing ratio. The interaction increases as the pulses starts overlap At large overlap the interaction vanishes Bild 60:1

47. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 47 Pulse overlapped dispersion managed Fibers Use the non-pulse interaction regime just at the transmitter and receiver Move quickly across the partially overlapped regime Spend most of the time in  /t >10 regime Bild 61:2

48. Department of Information Technology and Media Electronic Simulation Group Kent.Bertilsson@mh.se 48 State of The Art 320 Gbit/s Transmission over 200 km. 10 GHz Clock Recovery from a 160 Gbit/s stream. 168 Gbit/s Demultiplexing 84 Gbit/s All Optical 3R Regeneration (No clock recovery) 40 Gbit/s All Optical Clock Recovery