2. 1 NOB spread (trading the yield curve) slope increases (long term R increases more than short term or short term even decreases) buy notes sell bonds

3. 2 The NOB Spread The NOB spread is “notes over bonds” Traders who use NOB spreads are speculating on shifts in the yield curve – If you feel the gap between long-term rates and short-term rates is going to narrow ( yield curve slope decreases or flattens), you could sell T- note futures contracts and buy T-bond futures

4. 3 Trading Spreads

5. 4 TED spread (different yield curves) The TED spread is the difference between the price of the U.S. T-bill futures contract and the eurodollar futures contract, where both futures contracts have the same delivery month (T-bill yield<ED yield) – If you think the spread will widen, buy the spread (buy T-bill, sell ED)

6. 5 Pricing Interest Rate Futures Contracts Interest rate futures prices come from the implications of cost of carry:

7. 6 Computation Cost of carry is the net cost of carrying the commodity forward in time (the carry return minus the carry charges) – If you can borrow money at the same rate that a Treasury bond pays, your cost of carry is zero Solving for C in the futures pricing equation yields the implied repo rate (implied financing rate)

8. 7 Implied Repo or Financing rate

9. 8 Arbitrage With T-Bill Futures If an arbitrageur can discover a disparity between the implied financing rate and the available repo rate, there is an opportunity for riskless profit – If the implied financing rate is greater than the borrowing rate (overpriced futures), then he/she could borrow, buy T-bills, and sell futures

10. © 2004 South-Western Publishing 9 Chapter 12 Futures Contracts and Portfolio Management

11. 10 Outline The concept of immunization Altering portfolio duration with futures Duration as a convex function as opposed to market risk measure beta

12. 11 Introduction An immunized bond portfolio is largely protected from fluctuations in market interest rates – Seldom possible to eliminate interest rate risk completely – A portfolio’s immunization can wear out, requiring managerial action to reinstate the portfolio – Continually immunizing a fixed-income portfolio can be time-consuming and technical

13. 12 Bond Risks A fixed income investor faces three primary sources of risk: – Credit risk – Interest rate risk – Reinvestment rate risk

14. 13 Bond Risks (cont’d) Credit risk is the likelihood that a borrower will be unable or unwilling to repay a loan as agreed – Rating agencies measure this risk with bond ratings – Lower bond ratings mean higher expected returns but with more risk of default – Investors choose the level of credit risk that they wish to assume

15. 14 Bond Risks (cont’d) Interest rate risk is a consequence of the inverse relationship between bond prices and interest rates – Duration is the most widely used measure of a bond’s interest rate risk

16. 15 Bond Risks (cont’d) Reinvestment rate risk is the uncertainty associated with not knowing at what rate money can be put back to work after the receipt of an interest check – The reinvestment rate will be the prevailing interest rate at the time of reinvestment, not some rate determined in the past

17. 16 Duration Matching Bullet immunization Change of portfolio duration with interest rate futures

18. 17 Introduction Duration matching selects a level of duration that minimizes the combined effects of reinvestment rate and interest rate risk Two versions of duration matching: – Bullet immunization – Bank immunization

19. 18 Bullet Immunization Seeks to ensure that a predetermined sum of money is available at a specific time in the future regardless of interest rate movements

20. 19 Bullet Immunization (cont’d) Objective is to get the effects of interest rate and reinvestment rate risk to offset – If interest rates rise, coupon proceeds can be reinvested at a higher rate – If interest rates fall, proceeds can be reinvested at a lower rate

21. 20 Bullet Immunization (cont’d) Bullet Immunization Example A portfolio managers receives $93,600 to invest in bonds and needs to ensure that the money will grow at a 10% compound rate over the next 6 years (it should be worth $165,818 in 6 years).

22. 21 Bullet Immunization (cont’d) Bullet Immunization Example (cont’d) The portfolio manager buys $100,000 par value of a bond selling for 93.6% with a coupon of 8.8%, maturing in 8 years, and a yield to maturity of 10.00%.

23. 22 Bullet Immunization Example (cont’d) Panel A: Interest Rates Remain Constant Bullet Immunization (cont’d) Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5Year 6 $8,800$9,680$10,648$11,713$12,884$14,172 $8,800$9,680$10,648$11,713$12,884 $8,800$9,680$10,648$11,713 $8,800$9,680$10,648 $8,800$9,680 Interest$68,805 Bond Total$165,817 $8,800 $97,920

24. 23 Bullet Immunization (cont’d) Bullet Immunization Example (cont’d) Panel B: Interest Rates Fall 1 Point in Year 3 Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5Year 6 $8,800$9,680$10,648$11,606$12,651$13,789 $8,800$9,680$10,551$11,501$12,536 $8,800$9,592$10,455$11,396 $8,800$9,592$10,455 $8,800$9,592 Interest$66,568 Bond Total$166,218 $8,800 $99,650

25. 24 Bullet Immunization (cont’d) Bullet Immunization Example (cont’d) Panel C: Interest Rates Rise 1 Point in Year 3 Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5Year 6 $8,800$9,680$10,648$11,819$13,119$14,563 $8,800$9,680$10,745$11,927$13,239 $8,800$9,768$10,842$12,035 $8,800$9,768$10,842 $8,800$9,768 Interest$69,247 Bond Total$165,477 $8,800 $96,230

26. 25 Bullet Immunization (cont’d) Bullet Immunization Example (cont’d) The compound rates of return in the three scenarios are 10.10%, 10.04%, and 9.96%, respectively.

27. 26 Duration Shifting The higher the duration, the higher the level of interest rate risk If interest rates are expected to rise, a bond portfolio manager may choose to bear some interest rate risk (duration shifting)

28. 27 Duration Shifting (cont’d) The shorter the maturity, the lower the duration The higher the coupon rate, the lower the duration A portfolio’s duration can be reduced by including shorter maturity bonds or bonds with a higher coupon rate

29. 28 Duration Shifting (cont’d) Maturity Coupon LowerHigher LowerAmbiguousDuration Lower HigherDuration Higher Ambiguous

30. 29 Hedging With Interest Rate Futures A financial institution can use futures contracts to hedge interest rate risk The hedge ratio is:

31. 30 Hedging With Interest Rate Futures (cont’d) The number of contracts necessary is given by:

32. 31 Hedging With Interest Rate Futures (cont’d) Futures Hedging Example A bank portfolio holds $10 million face value in government bonds with a market value of $9.7 million, and an average YTM of 7.8%. The weighted average duration of the portfolio is 9.0 years. The cheapest to deliver bond has a duration of 11.14 years, a YTM of 7.1%, and a CBOT correction factor of 1.1529. An available futures contract has a market price of 90 22/32 of par, or 0.906875. What is the hedge ratio? How many futures contracts are needed to hedge?

33. 32 Hedging With Interest Rate Futures (cont’d) Futures Hedging Example (cont’d) The hedge ratio is:

34. 33 Hedging With Interest Rate Futures (cont’d) Futures Hedging Example (cont’d) The number of contracts needed to hedge is:

35. 34 Summary of Immunization and duration hedging Bullet immunization (bond with target yield and duration = target date) Duration as a measure of sensitivity to interest rate changes Duration is a convex function hedge ratio does not change linearly (BPV)

36. 35 Examples for review Spot rate is $1.33 per 1€. The US 3m T-bill rate is 2.7% and the Forward 3m rate is 1.327011. What is the risk free rate of the European central bank if the interest rate parity condition determined this forward rate? (3.6%) The spot rate is CAD 2.2733 per 1£. If the inflation rate in Canada is 3.4% a year and the inflation rate in UK is 2.3% per year, according to the purchasing power parity the forward exchange rate should be……….? (2.285838)