1. Manchester ‘1998 The University of Manchester Celebrates the Birth of the Modern Computer June 18, 1998 Gordon Bell Microsoft Corporation

2. Manchester ‘1998 1948… the stored program “value of the order codes” 1958 one level stores ideas and technology transfer--- influencing the rest of the world 1998 the best is yet to come

3. Manchester ‘1998 The stored program concept... “the most exciting time was June 1948 when the first machine worked. Nothing could ever compare with that.” --Kilburn, 1992 anyone who has ever built a “universal” hardware or software machine has had this feeling...

4. Manchester ‘1998 NSF tree

5. Manchester ‘1998 NSF tree base

6. Manchester ‘1998 Manchester logic and memory “Random access” memory got the computer started

7. Manchester ‘1998 Baby

8. Manchester ‘1998 Wilkes with EDSAC Delay line memory

9. Manchester ‘1998 On order code compatibility and program investment “when a machine was finished, and a number of subroutines in use, the order code could not be altered without causing a great deal of trouble. There would be almost as much capital sunk in the library of sub-routines as the machine itself, and builders of new machines in the future might wish to make use of the same order code as an existing machine in order that the sub-routines could be taken over without modification” --- Wilkes ‘49

10. Manchester ‘1998 Three implications… holds for all order codes including machines, operating systems, databases, languages, and some apps Very high cost of similar computers and fatal flaw for most designs e.g. 100 minicomputer companies The Unix Cartel… high priced apps and systems, locked-in users Standards driven “virtuous cycle”

11. Manchester ‘1998 The law of program and data inertia sustains platforms! The investment in programs and processes to use them, and data exceed hardware costs The cost to switch among platforms e.g. IBM mainframe, VMS, a VendorIX, or Windows/NT is determined by the data and programs The goals of hardware suppliers are uniqueness to differentiate and lock-in The goals of software/database suppliers are: to differentiate and lock-in and operate on as many platforms as possible in order to be not tied to a hardware vendor

12. Manchester ‘1998 Software Economics: Bill’s Law Bill Joy’s law (Sun): don’t write software for <100,000 platforms @$10 million engineering expense, $1,000 price Bill Gate’s law: don’t write software for <1,000,000 platforms @$10M engineering expense, $100 price Examples: – UNIX versus Windows NT: $3,500 versus $500 – Oracle versus SQL-Server: $100,000 versus $6,000 – No spreadsheet or presentation pack on UNIX/VMS/... Commoditization of base software and hardware Price Fixed_cost Marginal _cost = Units +

13. Manchester ‘1998 Innovation The Virtuous Economic Cycle that drives the PC industry Volume Competition Standards Utility/value

14. Manchester ‘1998 Deuce Drum: Imagine synchronizing this drum with 11, 32-word delay lines

15. Manchester ‘1998 Deuce Console

16. Manchester ‘1998 English Electric Deuce… Commercialisation of NPL Pilot Ace Based on Turing’s design - Harry Huskey c1947 After attending Turing’s NPL Lectures in 1947 Kilburn was not to build a computing machine “like that” Micro-coded instructions. Direct action … bits controlled hardware. Lots of bits to chose and get right! Paging used … matrix packages, SODA… our desire to make it more“programmable”, and convert it into an IBM 650 Used by Fortran and George (for KDF9)

17. Manchester ‘1998

19. Manchester exports Stored program concept “existence proof” The first generation memory Manchester phase encoding B tubes aka index registers… – Pegasus’ general registers... Extracodes Paging & the one level store Programmed controlled I/O ICL architecture, Dataflow, Amulet,