1. Cosmology Astronomy 315 Professor Lee Carkner Lecture 22 "In the beginning the Universe was created. This has made a lot of people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move." -- Douglas Adams, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe

2. Upcoming Extra Credit Events  Thursday, May 4, 7pm, Olin Auditorium  Kjell Lundquist  “Stars Above, Stars Below and Stars Within: On Tycho Brahe, Uraniborg and a Garden Reconstruction”  Saturday, May 6, Planetarium  Planetarium Open House  Will receive 10 points extra credit on the observing project for each you go to (up to a maximum of 20 points)  See me there to sign in

3. Exercise #21 Supernova  Type Ia supernova with flux = 1X10 -17 J/s/m 2  All type Ia supernova have luminosity = 1.5X10 36 J/s  F = L/4  d 2  4  d 2 F = L  d 2 = L/4  F   d = (1.5X10 36 /[(4)(  )(1X10-17)]) ½   How long ago did supernova occur?  1 light year = 9.5X10 15   Supernova happened 11.5 billion years ago

4. Key Questions  Is the universe infinite?    If the universe is not infinite:  How and when did it begin?   Where and what are its boundaries?

5. Caution   We shouldn’t think of the universe as just being a larger ordinary thing   We will often use analogy to get an idea of what the universe is like, but we shouldn’t take it literally

6. Types of Universes  Static   Infinite in time   Static and Infinite   Infinite in Space  Universe extends endlessly in all directions

7. Infinite?  The universe is not infinite in space or time   If the universe was infinite, everywhere you look you would see a star    Universe must be finite in space (run out of stars) or in time (light from some stars hasn’t reached us yet)

8. Olber’s Paradox

9. Static?  The universe is not static   The universe is getting larger   The universe changes and evolves

10. Expansion  We see all galaxies moving away from us, the most distant ones moving faster  How are distance and velocity related?   This is the Hubble Law:     As the universe is stretching, the space between each galaxy increases, making them look as if they were moving

11. Raisin Bread

12. Geometry  What is the universe expanding into?   Not just matter, but spacetime is expanding   Speed of light is absolute limit   The universe may be finite but unbounded  Like the surface of a balloon

13. The Big Bang   The universe was hotter and denser in the past  Called a hot Big Bang   Big Bang is a process, not an event

14. The Cosmic Microwave Background  The early universe was very hot and thus filled with high energy radiation   This is detectable with radio telescopes as the cosmic microwave background (CMB)   CMB is a blackbody with a temperature of about 3 K 

15. Cosmic Blackbody Spectrum

16. After the Big Bang  The early universe was an extremely strange place   As universe cooled, our present universe took shape   After about a billion years the material started to clump together to form stars and galaxies  Early universe must have been non-uniform for this to happen

17. Structure of the Universe

18. The Age of the Universe  We can find the age of the universe by extrapolating backwards   Since v = d/t, t = d/v, but H = v/d, so:   If we can find H, we can easily get the age of the universe   For H = 73, age = 13.7 billion years

19. History of the Universe

20. The Fate of the Universe  How will the universe end?  Depends on if their enough mass in the universe to gravitationally halt the expansion   Three options:  Open   Closed   Flat  Universe just barely expands

21. End States of the Universe

22. Dark Energy   Some force is resisting gravity’s attempts to slow the expansion   Best candidate is energy stored in the fabric of spacetime   Dark energy and dark matter may be principle components of the universe

23. Possible Expansion Scenarios

24. End of the Universe  The best observations indicate:   Dark energy is trying to increase the expansion of the universe   Universe is effectively infinite in time in the forward direction  Beginning but no end

25. The End  The universe may eventually die a heat death   Left with white dwarfs, neutron stars and radiation  Can live off of compact objects, but eventually will convert them all to heat 

26. Next Time  No class Friday  Quiz #3 on Monday  Covers everything since Quiz #2 (plus Milky Way)  Lectures 16-22  Same format as other quizzes