1. Dec 2003, DRTC©C.Watters 1 Mobile Access to the Digital Library

2. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 2 Framework Save the time of the reader.

3. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 3 Vision Characteristics of using small devices Migration Models Studies Conclusions

4. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 4 Vision user Digital library

5. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 5 Characteristics of Using Small Devices Reading Navigating Task Input Distraction

6. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 6 Reading Reading speed Reading comprehension Content Fidelity

7. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 7 Navigation Scrolling Lists Hierarchies Hyperspace Context Mental model

8. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 8 Task and Structure Task – Simple – Complex Structure – Text – Lists – Tables

9. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 9 Input Stylus Size of targets Speed Accuracy

10. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 10 Distractions Noise Lighting Steadiness Battery Time Signal strength

11. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 11 Automatic Transformations Why? How? Results?

12. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 12

13. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 13 Scenarios Full DL access on range of devices Migration between devices mid-task Collaboration including mixed devices

14. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 14 The Problem Accessing data on a small screen is NOT the same as on a larger screen Same data for all users Device display and input get in the way!

15. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 15 General Approach ElideTransform Syntactic Semantic Outlining Remove content Compress images Text summarization Retain* Full Images Text/Tables/Forms Bickmore-Schilit Matrix

16. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 16 Process

17. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 17 Decomposition/Parsing HTML/XML tag clues Structural clues metadata + rules

18. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 18 Transformations Text Lists Tables Forms Images Links

19. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 19 Use Features  In screens, size matters  Small screen is NOT just a small window on a large screen  Small screens do work  Scrolling minimized  Context preserved  Search added  Hierarchy used

20. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 20 Text Transformations Chunk text to logical units Eliminate sideways scroll Keep clear context Add search

21. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 21 Text

22. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 22 Lists

23. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 23 Forms

24. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 24 Transformation

25. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 25 90% effective over 200 random sites with forms

26. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 26 Problems Tables used as display structures Long segments Maps and images within form

27. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 27 Tables & forms

28. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 28 Tables  Using complete large tables on small devices  Does it pay to:  Use screen space for headings and context  Use screen space for a search function  For:  Simple look up task  More complicated task

29. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 29 Tables

30. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 30 Results:Effectiveness Both tasks did better on whole table For simple task bigger screen significantly better For complex task no significant difference by size For complex task adding context gave significant improvement search caused wrong answers in complex task and more so as the screen got smaller [got to the wrong place faster or just wanted to use it ‘ cause it was there!]

31. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 31 Results Size matters for both efficiency and effectiveness Context is worth the space Search function is not necessarily helpful for complex task for table data – Make it optional/toggable

32. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 32 Collaborative sessions

33. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 33 Large screen view

34. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 34 Device independence

35. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 35 Small screen view

36. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 36 Transformation Models Direct Linear Focus + Context – DNA Maps – Gateways

37. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 37 Mapping Options hierarchy sequence type Focus + context

38. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 38 Transformations Patterns of transformations Studies

39. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 39 Direct

40. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 40 Linear

41. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 41 Linear/Hierarchical

42. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 42 Summaries

43. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 43 Focus + Context Late Committal Navigation – Do not click thru the hierarchy but go directly – Extract enough info to decide – Brush through hierarchy or list of segments Presence of an overview Continuity of mental model

44. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 44 Brush Navigation

45. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 45

46. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 46

47. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 47 Gateway

48. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 48 25 site study

49. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 49 Comparative Task Completion Use one small screen version to find one story GatewayLinearDirect Migration

50. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 50 Study Conclusions Users prefer gateway and direct when they have used the site previously Mental model is important to the user Users performed reading and lookup tasks best on the gateway version

51. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 51 Summary of Findings Size matters Stability in mental model matters Images and style matter Input matters Bandwidth matters

52. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 52 Summary Understand ramifications of size on value of experience for the user Minimize cognitive overhead of the user DL ’ s should be accessible on mobile devices Save the time of the reader

53. Dec 2003, DRTC ©C.Watters 53 Thank You! www.cs.dal.ca/~watters Or the Web Information Filtering Lab www.cs.dal.ca/wifl