1. Practical Group Teachers Lab AtCERN Jana Buresova Marla Glover Claudia Haagen-Schützenhöfer Alexander Kraft

2. Teachers lab at CERN General concept Demonstration Equipment Cost

3. Where should the lab be? It should be a fixed installation (room, lab, etc…) Near Microcosm – First choice Near the Training Center – second choice Very near a Equipment Storage area Near a workshop area

4. Who should us it? It could become apart of existing teacher programs( HST, workshops, visits, etc…) Create a program just to use for labs –An extension of programs –A follow-up program to existing programs Teachers with a class of students –They would need to have passed a CERN training program to run the equipment and know and understand CERN procedures

5. What should the lab look like? Ideal –Classroom with lab space and terminals –Attached storage area –Attached workshop classroom labstorage workshop

6. What should the lab look like? Next best –Classroom with large demonstration area –Presentation Equipment –Storage nearby

7. Look at other particle labs DESY – workshops for students and teachers in special lab (experiments with radioactivity, vacuum and cosmic rays) Also demonstrational experiments: Photoeffect, Comptoneffect, Röntgenspectrum …

8. Look at the other particle labs FERMILAB Lederman Science Center

9. Look at the other particle labs Fermilab Educational center for both students and teachers Workshops for students and pupils with hands-on experiments Programmes not only about particle physics Wide offer of different types of visits (1-day to 1-week)

10. Equipment for Teacher’s Lab to show: I.Structure of matter and basic properties of elementary particles II.Particle acceleration III.Particle detection

11. Rutherford Experiment

12. WHAT? –Historic experiment to investigate the structure of matter –Scattering –  -spectroscopy HOW? –A beam of  - particles is scattered against gold sheet. –The intensity at different angles hints to structure of atoms. WHY? –Investigate the internal structure of particles –To understand early methods of determining properties –Scattering (fixed target experiment) is a method to do particle physics (particle production, detection …)

13. Millikan Experiment

14. WHAT? –Historic experiment to determine the charge of an elcetron –Electric field –Measurement of e/m HOW? –An electric field and gravity acts on charged oil droplets at the same time in opposite directions. –The elementary charge is determined from the velocity of the oil-drop movement. WHY? –Mass and charge are important particle properties

15. Stern-Gerlach Experiment

16. WHAT? –Historic experiment to prove the existence of electron spin –Magnetic moment –Directional quantization HOW? –A beam of potassium atoms is deflected in a non-uniform magnetic field because of the magnetic moment of the atoms. –Magnitude and direction of the magnetic moment of the atoms are obtained by measuring the density of the beam. WHY? –Electron spin and magnetic moment are important properties of elementary particles

17. Zeemann Effect

18. WHAT? –Quantization of energy levels –Electron spin –Bohr’s magneton –Interference of magnetic wave HOW? –A cadmium lap is submitted to different magnetic flux densities. –The red cadmium line is splitted. WHY? –Show basic properties of particles –Methodology used in Cosmology

19. Electron spin resonance What? _ Energy quantum _ Quantum number _ Resonance _ g-factor

20. Cathode Ray Tube

21. WHAT? –Linear propagation of electron beams –Behaviour of electrons in electric fields –Deflection of electrons in magnetic fields (Lorentz-Force) HOW? –Electrons are accelerated within electric fields. –The electron beam is deflected by magnets. WHY? –Electric fields are used for acceleration –Magnetic fields are used for bending beams in accelerators –The change of trajectories due to magnetic fields is one principle of measurement in detectors

22. Thomson’s experiment

23. WHAT? –Energy gain due to electric field –Trajectory curvature due to magnetic field (Lorentz) –Properties of electrons (charge, mass) HOW? –Electrons accelerated in an electric field and enter a perpendicular magnetic field. –e/m is determined from accelerating voltage, magnetic field strength and radius of the orbit. WHY? –Electric fields are used for acceleration –Magnetic fields are used for bending beams in accelerators –The change of trajectories due to magnetic fields is one principle of measurement in detectors

24. Electron beam diffraction

25. WHAT? –Material waves –De Broglie equation –Bragg reflection –Calculation of electron velocity HOW? –Accelerated electrons hit a polycrystalline layer of graphite. –The interference pattern is displayed on a flourescent screen. WHY? –The wave-nature of particles plays a role in acceleration –Scattering (fixed target experiment) is one method to do particle physics

26. Superconductivity

27. WHAT? –Determine transmission temperature –Meissner-Ochsenfeld-Effect HOW? –The temperature of the superconductor is constantly lowered. –Temperature and resistance are measured in short time intervals. WHY? –Superconductors are important for the creation of accelerators and detectors

28. Hall Effect

29. WHAT? –Strength of the magnetic field –Magnetic moment –Directional quantization HOW? –A current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field. –A small transverse potential difference (Hall-voltage) can be determined. WHY? –Magnetic fields of a certain flux play an important role in many steps of CERN experiments (acceleration, detection...)

30. Magnetic Nuclear Resonance

31. WHAT? –Strength of the magnetic field –Magnetic moment –Directional quantization HOW? –Magnetic moments are aligned with an external magnetic field and this alignment is perturbed by an electromagnetic field. –The response to the field by perturbing is what is exploited in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. WHY? –Precision measurement of magnetic fields is done by NMR at CERN

32. Photoelectric Effect

33. WHAT? –Work function –Photon energy –Quantization of energy HOW? –A negatively charged zinc plate on top of an electroscope is illuminated with a high pressure mercury lamp. –The zinc plate is discharged if there is no barrier (plexiglass) in between. WHY? –Excitation by collision and emission of photons afterwards is one principle of measurement in detection

34. Myon experiences WHAT? –Measure properties of muons –Observe decays HOW? –Cloud chamber (Workshop or Equipment) –KamioCan (HST 2000) –Experiments done by practical WorkingGroup QUARKNET WHY? –Usage of cosmic rays for calibration of detectors

35. Frank-Hertz Experiment (Neon)

36. WHAT? –Energy quantum –Electron collision –Excitation energy HOW? –Accelerated electrons excite neon gas electrons in a tube. –The electrons in neon at upper states de- excite in such a way as to produce a visible glow in the gas. WHY? –The quantization of energy states in atoms are visualized –Excitation / Scintillation is one principle of measurement in detection

37. Electron Positron Spectroscopy

38. WHAT? –  - - decay –  + - decay –Positron –Neutrino –Resting energy –Decay energy –Relativistic Lorentz equation

39. HOW? –  -radiation of unstable nuclei is selected on the basis of its pulses in a magnetic transverse field using a diaphragm system. –The relationship between coil current and particle energy is determined for calibration of the spectrometer. –And the decay energy of  -transition is obtained in each case from the  - -spectra. WHY? –Resting and decay energy are important properties of particles –Spectroscopy is an important analytical method

40. Cost Leybold Didactic Swiss-75,000chf –Minus 10% discount-67,000chf –Minus duplicates-59,000chf Phywe bid-113,000euros Room to negotiate Other sources of economy???

41. Electron Spin Resonance

42. What? –Magnus Effect/Magnetic Fields/Rotational mechanics –Resonance/Spin Resonance How? –The magnetic moments align in the permanent magnetic field. –The perpendicular alternating field creates excitation which results in the electrons absorbing energy then releasing it when it goes back to its ground state. Why? –This will help students see how electron spin is used in medicine and materials.