1. Present and Future Exploration of Primitive Bodies at the German Aerospace Center Ekkehard Kührt, Jens Biele (DLR)

2. with contributions of
Gabriele Arnold, Ute Böttger, Matthias Grott, Joachim Flohrer,
Gerhard Hahn, Alan Harris, Tra-Mi Ho, Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers,
Jörg Knollenberg, Michael Mommert, Stefano Mottola, Detlef de Niem, Bernd Schäfer, Susanne Schröder, Klaus Seidensticker
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

3. Outline Introduction Overview over DLR activities to primitive bodies
DLR know how for space missions to asteroids and comets
3.1 Dedicated DLR technologies for exploration missions
3.2 Scientific instruments for space missions
3.3 Contributions to ESA and NASA and JAXA primitive body missions
3.4 National mission AsteroidFinder
Ground based and space based observational activities
Laboratory work
Modeling activities
Long-term scientific projects
Summary
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

4. Introduction DLR German Aerospace Center Research Institution
Space Agency
Project Management Agency
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

5. 6900 employees across 31 institutes and facilities at 15 sites
Offices in Brussels, Paris and Washington
Primitive bodies’ exploration at DLR is concentrated in
Institute of Planetary Research in Berlin
Microgravity User Support Center (MUSC) in Cologne
Institute of Space Exploration Systems in Bremen
n Hamburg
Stade n
n Neustrelitz
Bremen n
n Trauen
Berlin n
Braunschweig n
n Goettingen
n Cologne
n Bonn
Lampoldshausen n
Stuttgart n
Augsburg n
n Oberpfaffenhofen
Weilheim n
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

6. 2. Overview over DLR activities to primitive bodies
Contributions to ESA, NASA and JAXA missions (Rosetta, DAWN, Hayabusa)
Space technologies (lander, rover, moles)
Ground and space based observations (VIS, IR)
Exploration of
Primitive Bodies
at DLR
Dedicated DLR missions
(AsteroidFinder)
Scientific studies (national, ESA)
Laboratory work
Modelling
Space instruments (cameras, spectrometer, in situ experiments to mechanical, thermal, electrical properties)
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

7. 3. DLR know how for space missions
3.1 Dedicated technologies
Lander modules
system competence
test facilities
heritage: Rosetta Philae (launch 2004),
Mascot (Phase B), Netlander (concept study)
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

8. Mole (for investigating sub-surface layers)
up to 5 m penetration
payload for thermal, mechanical and
electrical properties measurements
heritage: TRL5 level, GEMS (Discovery proposal), Selene II
(proposal JAXA)
Hammering device
developed for MUPUS on Philae
35 cm penetration depth
measurements of thermal properties
Mobility
rover wheels (development for ExoMars)
hopping device (development for Mascot)
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

9. 3.2 Scientific instruments for space missions Framing cameras
lightweight high performance cameras for remote sensing, descent and in-situ observations
heritage: Rosetta-Philae, DAWN, HRSC-SRC
In-situ measurements on planetary surfaces
thermal and mechanical properties
heritage: Mupus on Rosetta-Philae, HP3 for GEMS
Laser altimeter
to measure surface topography
heritage: BELA for BebiColombo
IR spectrometer/radiometer
for mineralogical composition and thermal properties
heritage: MERTIS for BepiColombo
DPUs and software
heritage: Corot, Rosetta-Philae, Rosetta-Virtis
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

10. 3.3 HW contributions to ESA, NASA and JAXA primitive body missions
Rosetta (launch 2004)
main responsibility for lander Philae
100 kg, 10 instruments
anchoring, solar power, propulsion system
PI instruments on lander
MUPUS (T. Spohn)
hammering mechanism (35 cm)
thermal and mechanical properties
SESAME (K. Seidensticker)
seismic experiment, permittivity probe
mechanical, structural and electrical properties
ROLIS (S. Mottola)
High-resolution miniature CCD camera for imaging
the cometary surface with 0.3 mm/pixel
bi-modal optics and 4-color LED illumination device
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

11. MASCOT for Hayabusa II (launch 2014)
DAWN (launch 2007)
Framing Camera (together with MPS Lindau)
MASCOT for Hayabusa II (launch 2014)
10 kg lander with camera, thermal sensor and magnetometer
target: NEA 1999JU3 (C-type)
OSIRIS-REx (launch 2016)
contributions to the Camera Suite
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

12. 3.4 DLR mission AsteroidFinder
DLR compact satellite mission with EMCCD-camera and 25 cm telescope
detection of Inner Earth Objects (IEOs) with aphelion < 1 AU that are hardly to observe from ground (only 10 objects have been identified so far)
orbit and size determination
understanding the dynamical development of the planetary system
simulation of the source regions of IEOs
status: end of Phase B
launch: 2014/15
Sun synchronous terminator orbit
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

13. 4. Ground and space based observational activities
Calar Alto 1.2 m telescope (Spain)
100 nights per year observing time, remote control
high performance fast read-out CCD camera
light curve photometry for the determination of the rotation state and shapes of asteroids (binary asteroids, NEOS, Trojans, spacecraft targets)
follow-up astrometry of NEOs and comets
Warm Spitzer (asteroid observations in thermal IR)
utilizing the 'warmed up' Spitzer space telescope 3.6 µm and
4.5 µm bands
aims: physical characterization of ~700 Near-Earth Asteroids (~88% completed)
determination of size and albedo distributions
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

14. Herschel: TNOs are Cool-Program
utilizing the Herschel Space Telescope PACS ( µm) and SPIRE ( µm) bands
aims: physical characterization of ~130 Transneptunian Objects (~95% completed)
determination size and albedo distributions, investigation of specific objects of interest
European Fireball Network
15 stations in Germany
number of observed bright meteors is about 30/year
orbit reconstruction for some fireballs
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

15. 5. Laboratory work VIS and IR spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy
spectral measurements in the VIS and IR of minerals and mineral-mixtures to support interpretation of asteroid Steins spectra
studies of meteorites
regolith’s texture and photometric properties
contributions to data banks
Raman spectroscopy
non destructive investigation of minerals and biological samples
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)
fast elemental analysis, sensitive to all elements
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

16. 6. Modeling activities http://earn.dlr.de/nea
thermophysical models of asteroids and comets to derive size, albedo, thermal properties, surface roughness and cometary activity
photometric models to determine the rotation state and shapes of asteroids
software tools to derive digital terrain models (DTM) of objects from a set of camera images
tools for impact risk assessment and mitigation
impact simulation tools
models of the solar wind comet-interaction
2D hydrodynamic models of cometary comae
models to describe some aspects of the chemical evolution in the solar nebula
maintenance a data base of physical properties of NEAs
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

17. Simulation: pressure evolution after an impact of an asteroid (100 km diameter) on Earth within 485 s
2D Eulerian Multi Material Hydrodynamic Algorithm in Spherical Coordinates
solves the balance equations for mass, momentum and energy
treats several materials in a grid cell; here: granite for target and impactor and ideal gas for the atmosphere
thermodynamics and other material properties enter through an equation of
state (EOS); here: Tillitson EOS
the impactor has 100 km diameter and enters with 20 km/s vertically
total simulation time: 485 seconds after the impact, but crater formation is not finished in this time
despite the enormous size the diameter and time of formation of the transient crater are within 10% of that predicted by Schmidt-Housen’s gravity scaling
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

18. 7. Long-term scientific projects
Impacts and Planetary evolution
subtopic within the Helmholtz-Alliance "Planetary Evolution and Live"
started in 2008, duration: 5 years
international contributions
modeling efforts, field and lab experiment
work packages:
Origin and distribution of water and organic matter in the Solar Nebula
Transport of water and volatile matter to planets
Hydrocode modeling of impacts and related
shock experiments
Chemistry in the impact vapor plume
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

19. The NEOShield Proposal
submitted in response to the European Commission’s FP7-Space-2011 call for research proposals, deadline: 25th November 2010
category: “Prevention of impacts from near-Earth objects (NEOs) on our planet”
after assessment (March 2011), NEOShield topped the list of 6 proposals submitted in the category
total volume of NEOShield funding = 5.5 million Euro
anticipated kick off = Jan. 2012, duration: 3.5 years
consortium from DLR (coordinator), France, Russia, Spain, UK, USA
Goals:
Science
physical properties of NEOs
lab experiments on impacts
numerical simulations: impact and momentum transfer
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

20. Mitigation demonstration missions
suitable mission targets: identify and characterize suitable target NEOs for mitigation demo missions.
space mission design: provide detailed designs of technically and financially realistic missions to demonstrate the effectiveness of mitigation techniques, investigate mission funding and implementation options.
Global response campaign roadmap
impact threat response strategy
developing a decision-making tool to aid in response planning
developing a global response roadmap in collaboration with partners such as the UN, space agencies, etc.
Faulkes Telescope N.
© ESA
© D. Durda / B612 Foundation
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

21. 8. Summary
The primitive body research at DLR is focused on hardware and scientific work for space projects to asteroids and comets.
There are considerable involvements in current missions to minor bodies like ROSETTA (ESA) and DAWN (NASA) and in planned missions like
OSIRIS-REx (NASA) and Hayabusa-2 (JAXA).
DLR has initiated a compact satellite program and studies the AsteroidFinder mission for the detection of Inner Earth Objects (IEOs).
The hardware expertise to explore minor bodies lies in the field of lander, rover and mole technologies.
Concerning scientific instruments DLR has a long tradition in the design of cameras, spectrometers and in situ probes to analyze thermal and mechanical properties of planetary surfaces.
DLR is operating a telescope in Spain to observe asteroids and is involved in observation campaigns for TNOs (with Herschel) and Near Earth Objects (with Warm Spitzer).
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

22. Lab measurements are made to spectral properties of minerals, mineral-
Lab measurements are made to spectral properties of minerals, mineral- mixtures and biological samples.
Theoretical work to minor bodies comprises solar system evolution simulations, digital terrain models, models to mechanical and thermal properties of asteroids and comets, impact crater simulations, photometric models, studies to the physics and chemistry of cometary comae.
Within the long-term international HGF Alliance "Planetary Evolution and Life" is a long-term the role of impacts of primitive bodies for the evolution of planets and life is studied.
Together with partners from several European countries and USA DLR successfully submitted the NEOShield proposal in response to the European Commission’s FP7-Space-2011call.
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

23. The NeoShield Proposal
Backup slides
The NeoShield Proposal
Update on Workshop on Future Small Bodies Missions
FROM THE ROSETTA LANDER PHILAE TO AN ASTEROID HOPPER: LANDER CONCEPTS FOR SMALL BODIES MISSIONS
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

24. The NEOShield Proposal
Submitted in response to the European Commission’s FP7-Space-2011 call for research proposals, deadline: 25th November 2010.
Category:
“Prevention of impacts from near-Earth objects (NEOs) on our planet”
After assessment (March 2011), NEOShield topped the list of 6 proposals submitted in the category.
Total volume of NEOShield funding = 5.5 million Euro.
Funds provided by the European Commission = 4.0 million Euro.
Final confirmation of funding is preceded by a phase of negotiation between the Consortium and the European Commission.
Anticipated kick off = Jan. 2012
Duration: 3.5 years.
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

25. The NEOShield Project Brief description (1/2)
PRIMARY AIM: investigate in detail the three most promising mitigation techniques: kinetic impactor, gravity tractor, blast deflection.
Main themes/tasks of the project:
1. Science
Physical properties of NEOs: Analyze properties from the point of view of mitigation requirements; estimate most likely properties of the next mitigation candidate; provide requirements for lab. impact experiments and modelling.
Mitigation precursor reconnaissance: Determine requirements, strategy, instrumentation, for ground-based facilities and space missions.
Lab. experiments on impacts - into asteroid surface analogue materials; validation of impact modelling at small scales.
Numerical simulations: Impact and momentum transfer modelling scaled to realistic NEO sizes.
© Patrick Michel
Fraunhofer Ernst Mach Institute
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

26. The NEOShield Project Brief description (2/2)
Main themes/tasks of the project (continued):
2. Mitigation demonstration missions
Suitable mission targets: Identify and characterize suitable target NEOs for mitigation demo missions.
Space mission design: Provide detailed designs of technically and financially realistic missions to demonstrate the effectiveness of mitigation techniques. Investigate mission funding and implementation options.
3. Global response campaign roadmap
Impact threat response strategy: Develop a decision-making tool to aid in response planning. Develop a global response roadmap in collaboration with partners such as the UN, space agencies, etc.
Faulkes Telescope N.
© ESA
© D. Durda / B612 Foundation
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

27. The NEOShield Consortium
Participant organisation
Leading personnel
Country
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin
Coordinating partner
A. W. Harris
Germany
Observatoire de Paris (LESIA and IMCCE)
LESIA: M. A. Barucci, M. Fulchignoni
IMCCE: D. Hestroffer, W. Thuillot
France
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
(Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur)
P. Michel
Open University
S. F. Green UK
Fraunhofer – Ernst-Mach-Institut
F. Schäfer
Queen’s University Belfast
A. Fitzsimmons
Astrium (supervisory interface for technical work packages)
W. Lork, A. Rathke
P. Blanc-Paques
P. D’arrigo
Deimos Space
J. L. Cano, L. F. Peñín
Spain
Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute
D. Morrison
USA
TsNIIMash (Roscosmos)
D. Payson, V. Emelyanov, B. Shustov
Russia
University of Surrey
V. Lappas
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

28. Update on Workshop on Future Small Bodies Missions J. Biele, S
Update on Workshop on Future Small Bodies Missions J. Biele, S. Ulamec German Aerospace Center (DLR), Köln, Germany

29. Recap: 2011 Bucharest Workshop on Future Small Bodies Missions
Discussing the Synergies Between Science, Planetary Defense, Exploration, and Commercial Interests
13th of May, 2011; Venue: Hotel Ibis, Bucharest, Romania
Organizer: S. Ulamec; Co-organizers: P. Abell (NASA-JSC), J. Biele (DLR), D. Koschny (ESA)
Participants: M. A´Hearn (Univ. Maryland), R. Armellin (Politec. Milano), J. Bellerose (NASAAmes),J. Cano (Deimos), I. Carnelli (ESA), A.C. Charania (SpaceWorks), A. Cheng (APL), G.Drolshagen (ESA), R. Franco (ESA), A. Fitzsimmons (Q.Univ. Belfast), C. Foster (NASA-Ames),V. Friedensen (NASA-HQ), A. Galvez (ESA), J. Gil-Fernandez (GMV)M. Graziano (GMV), A.Herique (IPAG-Grenoble), L. Johnson (NASA-HQ), A. Klesh (JPL), G. Klingelhöfer (Uni.Mainz), C. Krause (DLR), R. Landis (NASA-GSFC), M. Lavagna (Politec. Milano), A. Mainzer (JPL), P. Michel (Obs. Côte d´Azur), D. Morrison (NASA), C. Plesko (LANL), J.-Y. Prado (CNES), C. Reed (APL), D. Schmanke (Uni. Mainz), W. Schmidt (FMI), R. Tremayne-Smith (UKSA), W. Wittholt (FU-Hagen), A. Zimmer (Univ. Stuttgart)
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

30. Summary and conclusions
The results, summarized hereafter, shall provide an input for the preparation of the ESA Council Meeting at Ministerial level 2012, identifying a strategy to implement a mission, serving all three communities and defining the area, where European effort would be implemented most efficiently in a broader international context.
Within ESA it is recommended to propose a mission for the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) Programme. This will be part of a wide international effort of NEO related activities.
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

31. Main points
1.) There is a clear overlap regarding missions serving science, the development of mitigation techniques, and exploration. Synergies shall be used. (See viewgraphs, attachment 2)
2.) Essential pre-requisites for science, mitigation, and exploration are a) Survey (note that currently there are only 1 ± 1 possible targets for human explorationidentified!)
b) Characterization of (a variety of) asteroids (and comets), both via ground based and space based systems
3) In the given international context activities for survey (emphasis in the US) and NEO characterization including science driven missions, e.g. OsirisREx, MarcoPolo-R, Hayabusa 1 and 2 and various additional mission proposals) are already foreseen. However, there is a lack for plans to actually realize a mitigation demonstration mission.
4) It is therefore recommended by the participants of the workshop to introduce a Mitigation Demonstration Mission (using spin off from Don Quijote study) into the ESA Space Situational Awareness (SSA) programme of ESA. Possible coordination with other programs (e.g. Exploration or Technology) is to be further investigated.
5) Such a mission will gain wider attractiveness by including a science payload (which would not drive the core mission), including instruments of relevance for human exploration (e.g. radiation monitor; Matroshka tbc). Public outreach and education may be an aspect to be considered.
Summary: The participants of the workshop encourage an effort to introduce a Mitigation Demonstration Mission to the coming ESA Council Meeting at Ministerial level, to be held 2012.
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

32. Further notes, actions
There are a number of international working groups targeting the coordination of NEO related space activities. In particular the International Primitive Body Exploration Working Group (IPEWG) and the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) are identified as relevant for this discussion within our group.
The various positions and emphasis with respect to NEO activities of each of the working groups should be summarized (AI: P. Abell) and the communications flow between those identified groups needs to be guaranteed and coordinated.
A follow-on meeting to this workshop may take place co-located with the next IPEWG meeting, August 2011 tbc.
An additional briefing for the ESA Council Meeting at Ministerial level is considered important in the time frame October/November Invitations will be sent by summer. It is recommended to explicitly inform the EU on the described activities.
Appropriate means to exchange information on NEO related activities between the European Commission, ESA, and National Space Agencies should be established.
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

33. ftp IP: 129.247.247.145 Name: philae.dlr.de Account: jeder
Password: 2014CG67
Directory to read: /Small bodies workshop/2011
Directory to write to: pub/ (data there are deleted in regular intervals)
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

34. FROM THE ROSETTA LANDER PHILAE TO AN ASTEROID HOPPER: LANDER CONCEPTS FOR SMALL BODIES MISSIONS S. Ulamec, J. Biele German Aerospace Center (DLR), Köln, Germany,

35. Outline
The investigation of small bodies, comets and asteroids, can contribute substantially to our understanding of the formation and history of the Solar System. In situ observations by Landers play an important role in this field.
The Rosetta Lander – Philae – is currently on its way to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Philae is an example of a ~100 kg landing platform, including a complex and highly integrated payload, consisting of 10 scientific instruments.
Other lander designs, more lightweight and with much smaller payload are currently investigated in the frame of a number of missions to small bodies in the Solar System. Example: MASCOT for Hayabusa-2 ( poster)
We will address a number of possible concepts, including mobile surface packages.
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

36. Background on small-body landers
Historically, there are only two missions which reached the surface of a small body: the NEAR spacecraft touched down on asteroid Eros and Hayabusa attempted to take samples from the surface of Itokawa and recently returned to Earth.
In-situ probes can deliver a much higher scientific return if mobility is possible to explore more than one site. We discuss mobility concepts for low-gravity environments including current developments (the MASCOT hopper).
Missions aiming for sample return, e.g., asteroid sample return mission Hayabusa-2 , can be significantly enhanced by the implementation of in-situ surface packages  help to constrain the geological and physical context of the samples, provide a hold on the evolutionary history of the body by probing its interior.
Mobility can even “scout” the most interesting sampling sites on the surface
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

37. Lander strategies Impactor / Penetrator: not considered!
„Classical Lander“ with landing legs or platform (e.g. Philae, Phobos-Grunt)
Hopper (e.g. Phobos Hopper, MASCOT)
Opening shell (derivative from Mars Netlander)
„Orbiter Landing“ (e.g. Hayabusa)
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

38. IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

39. Lander FM Thermal-Vacuum Test at IABG, October 2001
IPEWG 2011, Pasadena